Search results for "Lithium"
showing 10 items of 680 documents
A New Device for the Control and the Connection to the Grid of Combined RES-based Generators and Electric Storage Systems
2013
In this paper a new device for the control and the connection to the supply utility grid of combined RES-based generators and electric storage systems is presented. The device is a bidirectional converter that can be controlled so as to facilitate the interface between the low voltage grid and photovoltaic or wind generators combined with batteries, contemporary addressing the requirements of the reference technical standards for users connection and providing different ancillary services. In the paper the functioning of the device and its circuit diagram are described, the single parts are shown and the potentiality of its control system are commented. © 2013 IEEE.
Electrochemical energy storage mitigating impact of electric vehicle on the electric grid: Two Italian case studies
2017
In the framework of the Italian R&D project i-Next two pilots plants were realized aiming at demonstrate benefits coming from the adoption of electrochemical energy storages (Lithium ion batteries and hydrogen) integrated with renewable energy sources. In the present study the preliminary results coming from the demo sites operations are reported paying attention to the impacts to the grid.
Dialkyl titanium complexes that contain a sulfur-linked bis(phenolato) ligand:
2002
Abstract The sulfur-linked bis(phenol) 2,2′-thiobis(2-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol), tbmpH2, reacted cleanly with titanium tetrachloride to give the orange titanium dichloro complex [Ti(tbmp)Cl2]2 in virtually quantitative yield. Reaction of the dichloro complex [Ti(tbmp)Cl2]2 with methyllithium at low temperature gave the unexpectedly thermally robust, yellow dimethyl complex [Ti(tbmp)Me2]. The reaction of the dichloro complex with benzyl Grignard reagent in pentane afforded the highly crystalline dibenzyl complex [Ti(tbmp)(CH2Ph)2] as a 1,4-dioxane adduct. The single crystal X-ray crystallography revealed a centrosymmetric 1,4-dioxane-bridged molecule that contains two fragments containing s…
Osmium and lithium isotope evidence for weathering feedbacks linked to orbitally paced organic carbon burial and Silurian glaciations
2022
Abstract The Ordovician (∼487 to 443 Ma) ended with the formation of extensive Southern Hemisphere ice sheets, known as the Hirnantian glaciation, and the second largest mass extinction in Earth History. It was followed by the Silurian (∼443 to 419 Ma), one of the most climatically unstable periods of the Phanerozoic as evidenced by several large scale ( > 5 ‰ ) carbon isotope (δ13C) perturbations associated with further extinction events. Despite several decades of research, the cause of these environmental instabilities remains enigmatic. Here, we provide osmium (187Os/188Os) and lithium (δ7Li) isotope measurements of marine sedimentary rocks that cover four Silurian δ13C excursions. Osmi…
Fabrication and Characterisation of Reverse Proton Exchange Optical Waveguides in Neodymium Doped Lithium Niobate Crystals
2005
In this work, the complete fabrication process which combines Proton Exchange (PE) and Reverse Proton Exchange (RPE) in Neodymium doped LiNbO3 channel waveguides is reported. To produce the PE-RPE channel waveguides the fabrication of dielectric SiO2 masks had to be implemented. For this propose, we adopted a technique based on the Ion Plating Plasma Assisted Deposition of SiO2 followed by the standard ultraviolet photolithographic patterning. On the other hand, we determined the main optical and spectroscopic properties of Nd3+ ions in the channel waveguides including the study of the lifetime as function as the polarisation.
An Example of Ti:LiNbO3 Device Fabrication: The Mach-Zehnder Electrooptical Modulator
1994
Integrated optics on LiNbO3 has already reached a stage of maturity. Several manufacturers are producing standard and custom devices on LiNbO3 such as high speed (up to 20 GHz) phase and intensity modulators, switching matrices, hybrid optical gyroscopes, etc.1. Two techniques are commonly used to fabricate these devices: titanium indiffusion for 1.3 and 1.5 μm wavelength operation and annealed proton exchange (APE) at 0.8 μm, due to its higher power handling capacity.
Nonstoichiometric silica mask to fabricate reverse proton-exchange waveguides in lithium niobate crystals
2004
Producing channel waveguides requires a photolithographic mask, but the standard technique of using thermally evaporated metal films for proton exchange has proved to be unsuitable for withstanding the rather aggressive process of reverse proton exchange. We report the fabrication of a nonstoichiometric silica mask by ion-plating plasma-assisted deposition. This mask is strong enough to resist both direct and reverse proton exchange and is also compatible with anisotropic dry etching for patterning the mask and with electric field poling. Our technique is a practical alternative to the use of SiO2 sputtered masks.
A History of the Pharmacological Treatment of Bipolar Disorder.
2018
In this paper, the authors review the history of the pharmacological treatment of bipolar disorder, from the first nonspecific sedative agents introduced in the 19th and early 20th century, such as solanaceae alkaloids, bromides and barbiturates, to John Cade’s experiments with lithium and the beginning of the so-called “Psychopharmacological Revolution” in the 1950s. We also describe the clinical studies and development processes, enabling the therapeutic introduction of pharmacological agents currently available for the treatment of bipolar disorder in its different phases and manifestations. Those drugs include lithium salts, valproic acid, carbamazepine, new antiepilep…
Spatial Simultons in 2D Photonic Crystals of Nonlinear Origin
2007
We observed for the very first time quadratic spatial solitons (simultons) in a two dimensional photonic lattice defined by periodic sign inversion of its susceptibilty. This is the first demonstration of quadratic self-confinement in a 2D purely nonlinear photonic crystal.
First-Order Quasi-Phase-Matched Blue Light Generation in Surface-Poled Ti:Indiffused waveguide
2004
The application of surface periodic poling method for first order quasi-phase-matched (QPM) second harmonic generation (SHG) in Ti:indiffused lithium niobate channel waveguides, was investigated. On a 2.5 μm wide channel waveguide which was periodically poled with a period of 2.47 μm for TM waveguide mode interaction, efficient SHG was observed. The CCD camera was used for monitoring the near-field waveguide mode profiles of both the fundamental and second harmonic waves. The potential of surface domain inversion for efficient nonlinear waveguide interactions was shown after the production of 6 mW of continous-wave blue radiation.