Search results for "Memory."
showing 10 items of 1949 documents
Changing associations between cognitive impairment and imaging in multiple sclerosis as the disease progresses.
2013
The authors explored cross-sectional associations between MRI parameters (lesion metrics, brain volumes, magnetization transfer ratio histograms, and metabolite concentrations) and cognition in 61 patients who experienced clinically-isolated syndromes (CIS) 7 years earlier. IQ decline and poorer overall cognition were associated with T2 white-matter lesions, and slow information-processing with both T2 lesions and gray-matter atrophy. In a previous study of the same cohort, gray-matter atrophy measured shortly after CIS failed to predict development of cognitive impairment years later. Our findings suggest that gray-matter pathology, reflected by atrophy measurements, becomes increasingly i…
Monitoring cognitive changes: Psychometric properties of six cognitive tests
2004
Objectives. Repeated neuropsychological assessments are often used to monitor change in cognitive functioning over time. Thus, knowledge about the reliability and stability of neuropsychological tests and the effects of age and IQ is of paramount importance. In this study we document, for six cognitive tests: test-retest reliabilities, practice effects, reliable change (RC) indices corrected for practice, and the impact of premorbid IQ and age. Design. A sample of 188 normal adults (aged 40-70 years) were administered, on two occasions, one or more of the following tests: the Graded Naming Test (GNT), the Silhouettes Test, two tests of verbal fluency, the Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Tes…
Neurocognitive Impairment in Bipolar Patients With and Without History of Psychosis
2008
Objective: Little is known regarding the impact of psychotic symptoms on the cognitive functioning of bipolar patients. Findings from previous reports are controversial and mainly focused on current psychotic symptoms. The main aim of this study was to ascertain whether the history of psychotic symptoms was associated with greater cognitive impairment in euthymic bipolar patients. Method: Sixty-five euthymic bipolar disorder patients (DSM-IV criteria; 35 with a history of psychotic symptoms and 30 without such a history) were assessed through a neuropsychological battery targeting attention, psychomotor speed, verbal memory, and executive functions. Thirty-five healthy controls were also in…
Brief cognitive assessment instruments in schizophrenia and bipolar patients, and healthy control subjects: A comparison study between the Brief Cogn…
2011
Cognitive impairment in schizophrenia and psychosis is ubiquitous and acknowledged as a core feature of clinical expression, pathophysiology, and prediction of functioning. However, assessment of cognitive functioning is excessively time-consuming in routine practice, and brief cognitive instruments specific to psychosis would be of value. Two screening tools have recently been created to address this issue, i.e., the Brief Cognitive Assessment Tool for Schizophrenia (B-CATS) and the Screen for Cognitive Impairment in Psychiatry (SCIP). The aim of this research was to examine the comparative validity of these two brief instruments in relation to a global cognitive score. 161 patients with p…
Bipolar I patients with and without a history of psychotic symptoms: do they differ in their cognitive functioning?
2007
Abstract Recently, many reports have consistently demonstrated cognitive deficits in patients with bipolar disorder (BD), but their relationship with symptomatology, specifically psychotic symptoms, remains unclear. Our main hypothesis was that a history of hallucinations and/or delusions in the course of BD-I is associated with severe cognitive deficits. We investigated several cognitive functions (memory, attention, verbal fluency and executive functions) in 18 BD-I patients with a history of psychotic symptoms (HPS+), 17 BD-I patients without a history of psychotic symptoms (HPS−), 33 schizophrenic patients and 26 healthy control subjects. Both groups of BD-I patients were more impaired …
Differential associations of cognitive insight components with pretreatment characteristics in first-episode psychosis
2014
An increasing number of studies have focused on cognitive insight (i.e. awareness of one's own thinking) in psychotic disorders. However, little is known about the premorbid and pretreatment correlates of cognitive insight in the early course of psychosis. One hundred and three patients experiencing first-episode psychosis (FEP) were assessed shortly after treatment initiation for cognitive insight. Pretreatment and baseline clinical, functional and neurocognitive characteristics were examined. The self-reflectiveness dimension of cognitive insight was independently associated with clinical insight and executive functioning, whereas self-certainty was associated with premorbid IQ, premorbid…
Are different kinds of acoustic features processed differently for speech and non-speech sounds?
2001
This study examined how changes in different types of acoustic features are processed in the brain for both speech and non-speech sounds. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded in native Finnish speakers presented with sequences of repetitive vowels (/e/) or complex harmonical tones interspersed with infrequent changes in duration, frequency and either a vowel change (/o/ for vowel sequences) or a double deviant (frequency+duration change for tone sequences). The stimuli were presented monaurally in separate blocks to either the left or right ear. The results showed that speech stimuli were more efficiently processed than harmonical tones as reflected by an enhanced mismatch negativi…
To switch or not to switch: Brain potential indices of attentional control after task-relevant and task-irrelevant changes of stimulus features
2009
Attention is controlled by the interplay of sensory input and top-down processes. We compared attentional control processes during task switching and reorientation after distraction. The primary task was to discriminate laterally and centrally presented tones; these stimuli were composed of a frequent standard or an infrequent deviant pitch. In the distraction condition, pitch was irrelevant and could be ignored. In the switch condition, pitch changes were relevant: whenever a deviant tone was presented, participants had to discriminate its pitch and not its direction. The task in standard trials remained unchanged. In both conditions, deviants elicited mismatch negativity (MMN), P3a, P3b, …
Course of cognitive deficits in first episode of non-affective psychosis: a 3-year follow-up study.
2013
Abstract Cognitive dysfunctions are critical determinants of the quality of life and functionality in schizophrenia. Whether the cognitive deficits present at an early stage, are static or change across one's lifespan is still under debate. This study aims to investigate the long-term (3 years) course of cognitive deficits in a large and representative cohort of first episode schizophrenia spectrum patients (N = 155),and evaluate their influence on disability. In addition, a healthy control sample (N = 43) was also studied for comparison. This study evaluates the performance of patients and controls in a battery of cognitive assessments using baseline, 1-year and 3-year follow-up designs. T…
The time course of temporal discrimination: An ERP study
2009
Objective: The question of how temporal information is processed by the brain is still a matter of debate. This study aimed to elucidate the brain electrical activity associated with a visual temporal discrimination task. Methods: For this purpose, 44 participants were required to compare pairs of sequentially presented time intervals: a fixed standard interval (1000 ms), and an equal-to-standard, longer (1200 ms) or shorter (800 ms) comparison interval. Behavioural data and event-related potentials (ERPs) were analyzed. Results: Long intervals were more rapidly identified than short intervals. The amplitude of the contingent negative variation (CNV) found at frontocentral sites before the …