Search results for "Molecular level"

Histochemistry of the Mitochondrial System

1964

It has been customary to introduce any discussion on the mitochondrion by summing up its functions as the energy center of the cell. Because of the extensive reviews and symposia in this field in recent years such an introduction would be repetitious and will therefore be omitted. — The relative ease by which mitochondria can be isolated from various cells and the considerable purity of such fractions permitted an analysis of the overall functions of mitochondria and the extrapolation of these results, on a statistical basis, to a single mitochondrion. Further fragmentation of isolated mitochondria into sub-units that carry segments of the functional activity of the whole organelle signific…

Plasmonic Biosensors for the Detection of Lung Cancer Biomarkers: A Review

2021

Lung cancer is the most common and deadliest cancer type globally. Its early diagnosis can guarantee a five-year survival rate. Unfortunately, application of the available diagnosis methods such as computed tomography, chest radiograph, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound, low-dose CT scan, bone scans, positron emission tomography (PET), and biopsy is hindered due to one or more problems, such as phenotypic properties of tumours that prevent early detection, invasiveness, expensiveness, and time consumption. Detection of lung cancer biomarkers using a biosensor is reported to solve the problems. Among biosensors, optical biosensors attract greater attention due to being ultra-sensi…

GWideCodeML: A python package for testing evolutionary hypotheses at the genome-wide level

2020

One of the most widely used programs for detecting positive selection, at the molecular level, is the program codeml, which is implemented in the Phylogenetic Analysis by Maximum Likelihood (PAML) package. However, it has a limitation when it comes to genome-wide studies, as it runs on a gene-by-gene basis. Furthermore, the size of such studies will depend on the number of orthologous genes the genomes have income and these are often restricted to only account for instances where a one-to-one relationship is observed between the genomes. In this work, we present GWideCodeML, a Python package, which runs a genome-wide codeml with the option of parallelization. To maximize the number of analy…

Understanding Acid Reaction and Diffusion in Chemically Amplified Photoresists: An Approach at the Molecular Level

2011

Acid diffusion in chemically amplified resist might limit the ultimate minimum half-pitch that can be achieved with high sensitivity resists unless diffusion length is reduced until new methods of sensitizing resists are found. Precise knowledge of molecular dynamics of resist materials and advanced techniques need to be developed actively for this issue. In this sense, computer simulations have become a valuable tool in terms of reducing time and costs. However, simulations are generally based on continuum or mesoscale models, which are unable to accurately predict variations at the molecular level. Deeper understanding and investigation of the coupled reaction-diffusion kinetics at the mo…

Molecular polymorphism of the ABO blood group: A study in Poland, Spain, and Andorra

2014

Objectives The main goal of this study is to increase knowledge on the molecular level of the ABO blood group system in Europe by providing data for Poland, Spain, and Andorra populations. Methods A total of 172 oral scrapings samples from individuals of Polish origin, 108 peripheral blood samples of autochthonous individuals from the province of Zamora (Spain), and 81 peripheral blood samples from individuals with Andorran origin, were analyzed. Molecular characterization of the allelic variants was performed by the analysis of exons 6 and 7 of the ABO gene. Results Seven common alleles were identified, namely: A101, A102, A201, B101, O01, O02, and O03. Less common variants (O05, O09, O21,…

Spin Crossover in a Supramolecular Fe4II [2×2] Grid Triggered by Temperature, Pressure, and Light

2000

A multiplex electronic switch on the molecular level has been realized by using a tetranuclear FeII complex of the [2×2] grid type. The four metal ions can be switched stepwise between their high-spin and low-spin states by temperature, pressure, and light, thus representing a triple level, triple switch system as illustrated in the picture.

ChemInform Abstract: Hybrid Materials Based on Magnetic Layered Double Hydroxides: A Molecular Perspective

2015

ConspectusDesign of functional hybrids lies at the very core of synthetic chemistry as it has enabled the development of an unlimited number of solids displaying unprecedented or even improved properties built upon the association at the molecular level of quite disparate components by chemical design. Multifunctional hybrids are a particularly appealing case among hybrid organic/inorganic materials. Here, chemical knowledge is used to deploy molecular components bearing different functionalities within a single solid so that these properties can coexist or event interact leading to unprecedented phenomena. From a molecular perspective, this can be done either by controlled assembly of orga…

2015

Regulatory T cells (Treg) control immune cell function as well as non-immunological processes. Their far-reaching regulatory activities suggest their functional manipulation as a means to sustainably and causally intervene with the course of diseases. Preclinical tools and strategies are however needed to further test and develop interventional strategies outside the human body. "Humanized" mouse models consisting of mice engrafted with human immune cells and tissues provide new tools to analyze human Treg ontogeny, immunobiology, and therapy. Here, we summarize the current state of humanized mouse models as a means to study human Treg function at the molecular level and to design strategie…

Unveiling the molecular basis of disease co-occurrence: towards personalized comorbidity profiles

2018

AbstractComorbidity is an impactful medical problem that is attracting increasing attention in healthcare and biomedical research. However, little is known about the molecular processes leading to the development of a specific disease in patients affected by other conditions. We present a disease interaction network inferred from similarities in patients’ molecular profiles, which significantly recapitulates epidemiologically documented comorbidities, providing the basis for their interpretation at a molecular level. Furthermore, expanding on the analysis of subgroups of patients with similar molecular profiles, our approach discovers comorbidity relations not previously described, implicat…

Molecular Switching, Logics, and Memories

2013

The concepts of molecular switch, molecular logics and memories are intimately related. In this work a review of these three topics is given. While the main examples concern the field of inorganic chemistry, in a few cases organic systems are presented to better illustrate the concepts. The basic notions of the logics gates usually used by the nowadays computers is presented and the modus operandi to transpose these concepts to the molecular level is discussed. Examples of switches driven by external stimuli such as light-induced, metal-ion, redox, photobistable, and complexation–decomplexation are described in this chapter. The extension of switches working in solution to solid devices are…