Search results for "Mycotoxins"
showing 10 items of 227 documents
Presence of Enniatins and Beauvericin in Romanian Wheat Samples: From Raw Material to Products for Direct Human Consumption
2017
In this study, a total of 244 wheat and wheat-based products collected from Romania were analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in order to evaluate the presence of four enniatins (ENs; i.e., ENA, ENA1, ENB, and ENB1) and beauvericin (BEA). For the wheat samples, the influence of agricultural practices was assessed, whereas the results for the wheat-based products were used to calculate the estimated daily intake of emerging mycotoxins through wheat consumption for the Romanian population. ENB presented the highest incidence (41% in wheat and 32% in wheat-based products), with its maximum levels of 815 μg kg−1 and 170 μg kg−1 in wheat and wheat-based products,…
Occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxins and their dietary intake through beer consumption by the European population
2014
Abstract Since cereals are raw materials for production of beer and beer-based drinks, the occurrence mycotoxins in 154 beer samples was topic of investigation in this study. The analyses were conducted using QuEChERS extraction and gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry determination. The analytical method showed recoveries for vast majority of analytes ranged from 70% to 110%, relative standard deviations lower than 15% and limits of detection from 0.05 to 8 μg/L. A significant incidence of HT-2 toxin and deoxynivalenol (DON) were found in 9.1% and 59.7% of total samples, respectively. The exposure of European population to mycotoxins through beer consumption was assessed. No toxicol…
Interaction effects of Fusarium enniatins (A, A1, B and B1) combinations on in vitro cytotoxicity of Caco-2 cells
2014
Abstract Foodstuff is usually contaminated by more than one mycotoxin, however toxicological data are lacking as regards the effects in combinations compared to their individual effect. This study investigated the in vitro effects of enniatins (ENs) A, A1, B and B1, alone and in combinations, on Caco-2 cells viability by MTT assay after 24 h of exposure. Cells were treated with concentrations ranging from 0.9 to 15.0 μM, individually and in combination of two, three and four mycotoxins. Dose–response curves were generated for each mycotoxin and the isobologram method was used to determine the interactive effects of tested mixtures. Tested ENs produced significant cytotoxic effects both indi…
Isolation, purification, LC–MS/MS characterization and reactive oxygen species induced by fumonisin B1 in VERO cells
2010
Fumonisins are mycotoxins produced by Fusarium verticillioides that commonly contaminate maize and maize products. The present work shows the results of a comparative study of three different fermentation's techniques (solid and liquid medium of corn and a solid agarized medium) for the production of fumonisins B-1, B-2 and B-3 with strains of F. verticillioides. The solid medium of corn was the most effective in the production of fumonisins, being Fumonisin B-1 the one produced with higher concentration, so the extract obtained by solid fermentation process was used for FB1 purification. Fumonisins characterization and quantification were performed with reversed-phase high-performance liqu…
Identification and Quantification of Enniatins and Beauvericin in Animal Feeds and Their Ingredients by LC-QTRAP/MS/MS
2019
Emerging fusariotoxins, mainly enniatins (ENNs) and beauvericin (BEA), are secondary toxic metabolites produced by Fusarium spp. and are widely distributed contaminants of cereals and by-products. Mycotoxin contamination in these products supposes an important risk to feed supply security in the feed industry due to the common use of cereals in feed formulations. Hence, continuous monitoring of both raw materials and feed mixtures is highly recommended as stated by sanitary authorities. Therefore, an analytical procedure based on liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and an acetonitrile-based extraction followed by a d-SPE (QuEChERS) step for the simultaneous determination of emerg…
Emerging Fusarium mycotoxins in organic and conventional pasta collected in Spain
2012
Abstract One of the main sources of emerging Fusarium mycotoxins in human nutrition is the cereals and cereal products. In this study, an analytical method to determine enniatins A, A1, B and B1 (ENs), beauvericin (BEA) and fusaproliferin (FUS) based on Ultra-Turrax extraction followed by liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometer detector (MS/MS QqQ), was applied for the analysis of pasta. For this purpose, 114 commercial samples of pasta were acquired from supermarkets located in Valencia. The results showed higher frequencies of contamination in organic pasta than in conventional pasta, while the concentration levels were variable for both types of pasta. In pos…
Biosynthesis of beauvericin and enniatins in vitro by wheat Fusarium species and natural grain contamination in an area of central Italy
2015
Contamination of wheat grain by beauvericin (BEA) and enniatins (ENs) is a global emerging mycotoxicological food problem. In this study, strains of Fusarium avenaceum (FA), Fusarium poae (FP), Fusarium equiseti and Fusarium sporotrichioides, all potential BEA and EN producers, isolated from 162 grain samples of durum and soft wheat harvested in 2009 and 2010 collected in an area of central Italy, were preliminarily screened for the presence of the esyn1 gene, encoding the multifunctional enzyme enniatin-synthetase for the detection of potential hexadepsipeptide-producing isolates. All positive isolates were tested for their ability to biosynthesize BEA and ENs in vitro. In addition, all wh…
Contamination of barley seeds with Fusarium species and their toxins in Spain: an integrated approach.
2013
Fusarium is a globally distributed fungal genus that includes different species pathogenic to cereals among others crops. Some of these Fusarium species can also produce toxic compounds towards animals and humans. In this work, the presence of the most important Fusarium toxins was determined in barley seeds from Spain, sampled according to European Union requirements. The results obtained were compared with the presence of mycotoxigenic species considered responsible for their synthesis by using species-specific polymerase chain reaction protocols. Fumonisins B(1) and B(2), zearalenone, trichothecenes type A (T-2 and HT-2) and trichothecenes type B (deoxynivalenol and nivalenol) were analy…
Transfer of Fusarium mycotoxins from malt to boiled wort
2019
Malting was simulated using two different batches of barley as raw material: a naturally contaminated batch and laboratory inoculated (with a deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEA) producing Fusarium graminearum strain) one. Up to three contamination levels were prepared, every process being carried out in triplicate. A significant washout effect on DON was observed by the end of the first water phase (between 22.4 and 34 % reduction) with an even more pronounced reduction (up to 75 % decrease) by the end of the steeping process. ZEA content remained almost unchanged (no significant difference between the initial and the final concentration). Germination was characterized by an increase…
Isolation and Characterization of a New Less-Toxic Derivative of the Fusarium Mycotoxin Diacetoxyscirpenol after Thermal Treatment
2011
Trichothecenes are an important class of mycotoxins that act as potent protein synthesis inhibitors in eukaryotic organisms. The compound 4,15-diacetoxyscirpenol is highly toxic for plants and animals. Potatoes are especially prone to be contaminated with 4,15-diacetoxyscirpenol after infection with Fusarium sambucinum. In the current study, the reduction of 4,15-diacetoxyscirpenol during thermal treatment in aqueous solution was monitored. A new derivative was detected and named DAS-M1. After isolation, DAS-M1 was characterized with LC-HR-MS and LC-MS/MS and structurally elucidated with (1)H, (13)C, and 2D NMR. Potatoes were inoculated with F. sambucinum, and the infected potatoes were coo…