Search results for "Neural Pathway"

Characterization of somatostatin- and cholecystokinin-immunoreactive periglomerular cells in the rat olfactory bulb.

2005

Periglomerular cells (PG) are interneurons of the olfactory bulb (OB) that modulate the first synaptic relay of the olfactory information from the olfactory nerve to the dendrites of the bulbar principal cells. Previous investigations have pointed to the heterogeneity of these interneurons and have demonstrated the presence of two different types of PG. In the rat OB, type 1 PG receive synaptic contacts from the olfactory axons and are γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic, whereas type 2 PG do not receive synaptic contacts from the olfactory axons and are GABA immunonegative. In this study, we analyze and characterize neurochemically a group of PG that has not been previously classified either …

Sexual pheromones and the evolution of the reward system of the brain: the chemosensory function of the amygdala.

2008

The amygdala of all tetrapod vertebrates receives direct projections from the main and accessory olfactory bulbs, and the strong similarities in the organization of these projections suggest that they have undergone a very conservative evolution. However, current ideas about the function of the amygdala do not pay sufficient attention to its chemosensory role, but only view it as the core of the emotional brain. In this study, we propose that both roles of the amygdala are intimately linked since the amygdala is actually involved in mediating emotional responses to chemical signals. The amygdala is the only structure in the brain receiving pheromonal information directly from the accessory …

Back to Pupillometry: How Cortical Network State Fluctuations Tracked by Pupil Dynamics Could Explain Neural Signal Variability in Human Cognitive Ne…

2017

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GABAergic projections from the subplate to Cajal-Retzius cells in the neocortex.

2011

Subplate neurons and Cajal-Retzius cells play an important role in the corticogenesis. Despite morphological evidence, the question whether subplate neurons innervate Cajal-Retzius cells has not been studied yet. We report that electrical stimulation in the subplate resulted in evoked GABAergic inhibitory postsynaptic currents (eIPSCs) in Cajal-Retzius cells. The eIPSC latency showed minor variability and amounted to approximately 4 ms, suggesting the monosynaptic connection. During the first postnatal week: (i) eIPSC amplitude increased, (ii) eIPSC kinetics sped up, (iii) the size of readily releasable pool increased, and (iv) γ-aminobutyric acid release probability decreased. We conclude …

Pathway-specificity in N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor-mediated synaptic inputs onto subplate neurons

2007

The subplate plays an important role in forming neuronal connections during early cortical development. We characterized by the use of whole-cell and cell-attached patch-clamp recordings in coronal brain slices from newborn mice (postnatal day [P] 0-3) the functional properties of two major pathways onto subplate neurons (SPn), the thalamocortical and the intra-subplate synaptic input. The two afferent pathways were stimulated extracellularly with bipolar electrodes placed in the thalamus and the subplate, respectively. Synaptically evoked and pharmacologically isolated N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) -mediated responses with an onset latency of approximately 6 ms could be reliably re…

Novel modes of rhythmic burst firing at cognitively-relevant frequencies in thalamocortical neurons.

2008

It is now widely accepted that certain types of cognitive functions are intimately related to synchronized neuronal oscillations at both low (alpha/theta) (4-7/8-13 Hz) and high (beta/gamma) (18-35/30-70 Hz) frequencies. The thalamus is a key participant in many of these oscillations, yet the cellular mechanisms by which this participation occurs are poorly understood. Here we describe how, under appropriate conditions, thalamocortical (TC) neurons from different nuclei can exhibit a wide array of largely unrecognised intrinsic oscillatory activities at a range of cognitively-relevant frequencies. For example, both metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) and muscarinic Ach receptor (mAchR) …

Correction: Widespread white matter microstructural abnormalities in bipolar disorder: evidence from mega- and meta-analyses across 3033 individuals

2019

Fronto-limbic white matter (WM) abnormalities are assumed to lie at the heart of the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder (BD); however, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) studies have reported heterogeneous results and it is not clear how the clinical heterogeneity is related to the observed differences. This study aimed to identify WM abnormalities that differentiate patients with BD from healthy controls (HC) in the largest DTI dataset of patients with BD to date, collected via the ENIGMA network. We gathered individual tensor-derived regional metrics from 26 cohorts leading to a sample size of N = 3033 (1482 BD and 1551 HC). Mean fractional anisotropy (FA) from 43 regions of interest (ROI) a…

Acupuncture: its neurophysiological basis: an anaesthetist's foreword.

1978

Neurotransmitters involved in the habenular control of raphe-hippocampal circuit

1989

Relations between basal ganglia and hippocampus: Action of substantia nigra and pallidum

1986

Several interrelationships exist between basal ganglia and hippocampus. The ventral striatum appears to be involved in the control of the dopaminergic nigro-striatal pathway. The caudate, in turn, seems to influence the hippocampal theta rhythm and to inhibit hippocampal spikes. In the present work the role played by globus pallidus pars interna and substantia nigra pars compacta on hippocampal bioelectrical activity is studied. Injection of sodium penicillin i.v. produces steady interictal spikes in the hippocampus. Substantia nigra stimulation induces regular theta rhythm and inhibits the spikes. Pallidal stimulation, on the contrary, appears to strongly enhance epileptiform activity, pro…