Search results for "OTA"

Erwinia carotovora subsp. odorifera subsp.nov., associated with odorous soft rot of chicory (Cichorium intybus L.)

1992

Eleven strains of Erwinia carotovora that were isolated mainly, but not exclusively, from slimy rot of witloof chicory and were previously designated “atypical” E. carotovora subsp. atroseptica strains were characterized and compared with strains of E. carotovora subsp. carotovora, E. carotovora subsp. atroseptica, and Erwinia chrysanthemi (including the type strains). The 11 atypical E. carotovora subsp. atroseptica strains produced a typical bananalike odor when they were inoculated onto witloof chicory leaves. DNA-DNA homology experiments, biochemical tests, tests to determine carbon utilization patterns, and tests to identify the volatile metabolites produced from rotting witloofs were …

Plants and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi: Cues and Communication in the Early Steps of Symbiotic Interactions

2007

Abstract The ubiquitous nature of arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) pleads for common molecular and genetic determinants across different plant taxa. The cellular processes determining compatibility in early interactions prior to and during cell contact between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and plant roots are starting to be unraveled. The root epidermis is an active checkpoint where signal exchanges and control over root colonization occur. Root‐secreted flavonoids, flavonols, and strigolactones can act as rhizosphere signals in stimulating presymbiotic fungal growth, although their mechanism of action on the fungal cell is as yet unknown. Likewise, fungal signals (Myc factors) activate early plan…

Reply from m. Heino, j.a.j. Metz and v. Kaitala.

1998

Eva Kisdi clarifies the relationships between frequency dependence, optimization and ESSs. We basically agree with all her comments. However, some further clarification may be useful.In the first paragraph of Kisdi's letter, ESSs and optimal strategies are seemingly opposed by saying that `finding an optimal strategy is a considerably stronger result than finding an ESS'. Although this statement is factually correct, it might engender a suggestion that is slightly wrong. Conceptually, ESSs are always primary: only ESSs matter from the viewpoint of long-term evolution. Optimization is secondary only, and must be justified by an ESS argument that explicitly accounts for the ecology in which t…

2019

A central prediction of niche theory is that biotic communities are structured by niche differentiation arising from competition. To date, there have been numerous studies of niche differentiation in local ant communities, but little attention has been given to the macroecology of niche differentiation, including the extent to which particular biomes show distinctive patterns of niche structure across their global ranges. We investigated patterns of niche differentiation and competition in ant communities in tropical rainforests, using different baits reflecting the natural food spectrum. We examined the extent of temporal and dietary niche differentiation and spatial segregation of ant com…

Symbiont Genomic Features and Localization in the Bean Beetle Callosobruchus maculatus

2021

A pervasive pest of stored leguminous products, the bean beetle Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) associates with a simple bacterial community during adulthood. Despite its economic importance, little is known about the compositional stability, heritability, localization, and metabolic potential of the bacterial symbionts of C. maculatus. In this study, we applied community profiling using 16S rRNA gene sequencing to reveal a highly conserved bacterial assembly shared between larvae and adults. Dominated by Firmicutes and Proteobacteria, this community is localized extracellularly along the epithelial lining of the bean beetle's digestive tract. Our analysis revealed that…

European Red List of Lycopods and Ferns

2017

In recent years, awareness has risen surrounding the crucial role of plants in providing ecosystem services and on their decline – they are one of the essential foundations of healthy ecosystems that we depend on. However, significant gaps in knowledge still remain. In this context, the European Red List of lycopods and ferns provides the first ever comprehensive assessment of the extinction risk of all native lycopod and fern species to Europe. With 194 species assessed, this assessment highlights that 19.9% of lycopod and fern species are threatened with extinction in Europe. This is mainly due to urban and infrastructure development, human intrusions and disturbance, pollution, and water…

Purification, characterization and influence on membrane properties of the plant-specific sphingolipids GIPC

2020

AbstractThe plant plasma membrane (PM) is an essential barrier between the cell and the external environment. The PM is crucial for signal perception and transmission. It consists of an asymmetrical lipid bilayer made up of three different lipid classes: sphingolipids, sterols and phospholipids. The most abundant sphingolipids in the plant PM are the Glycosyl Inositol Phosphoryl Ceramides (GIPCs), representing up to 40% of total sphingolipids, assumed to be almost exclusively in the outer leaflet of the PM. In this study, we investigated the structure of GIPCs and their role in membrane organization. Since GIPCs are not commercially available, we developed a protocol to extract and isolate …

Immunological detection of tonoplast polypeptides in the plasma membrane of pea cotyledons

1996

The tonoplast is usually characterized by the presence of two electrogenic proton pumps: a vacuolartype H+-ATPase and a pyrophosphatase, as well as a putative water-channel-forming protein (γ-TIP). Using a post-embedding immunogold labelling technique, we have detected the presence of these transport-protein complexes not only in the tonoplast, but also in the plasma membrane and trans Golgi elements of maturing pea (Pisum sativum L.) cotyledons. These ultrastructural observations are supported by Western blotting with highly purified plasma-membrane fractions. In contrast to the vacuolar-type H+-ATPase, whose activity was not measurable, considerable pyrophosphatase activity was detected i…

2013

Parasitized individuals are often expected to be poor competitors because they are weakened by infections. Many trematode species, however, although extensively exploiting their mollusc hosts, also induce gigantism (increased host size) by diverting host resources towards growth instead of reproduction. In such systems, alternatively to reduced competitive ability due to negative effects of parasitism on host performance, larger size could allow more efficient resource acquisition and thus increase the relative competitive ability of host individuals. We addressed this hypothesis by testing the effect of a trematode parasite Diplostomum pseudospathaceum on the competitive ability of its sna…

Debating Sexual Selection and Mating Strategies

2006

Published at full length with the title 'Reproductive behaviour: sexual selection remains the best explanation' in Science E-letters, 6 April 2006