Search results for "PROB"
showing 10 items of 8859 documents
Counting statistics for electron capture in a dynamic quantum dot
2012
We report non-invasive single-charge detection of the full probability distribution $P_n$ of the initialization of a quantum dot with $n$ electrons for rapid decoupling from an electron reservoir. We analyze the data in the context of a model for sequential tunneling pinch-off, which has generic solutions corresponding to two opposing mechanisms. One limit considers sequential "freeze out" of an adiabatically evolving grand canonical distribution, the other one is an athermal limit equivalent to the solution of a generalized decay cascade model. We identify the athermal capturing mechanism in our sample, testifying to the high precision of our combined theoretical and experimental methods. …
CLASSIFICATION THEORY FOR PHASE TRANSITIONS
1993
A refined classification theory for phase transitions in thermodynamics and statistical mechanics in terms of their orders is introduced and analyzed. The refined thermodynamic classification is based on two independent generalizations of Ehrenfests traditional classification scheme. The statistical mechanical classification theory is based on generalized limit theorems for sums of random variables from probability theory and the newly defined block ensemble limit. The block ensemble limit combines thermodynamic and scaling limits and is similar to the finite size scaling limit. The statistical classification scheme allows for the first time a derivation of finite size scaling without reno…
Basic Notions of the Theory of Heat
2016
This chapter summarizes some basic notions of thermodynamics and defines the empirical variables which are needed for the description of thermodynamic systems in equilibrium. Empirical temperature and several scales used to measure temperature are defined. The so-called “zeroth law of thermodynamics” is formulated which says that systems which are in mutual equilibrium have the same temperature. Thermodynamic ensembles corresponding to different macroscopic boundary conditions are introduced and are illustrated by simple models such as the ideal gas. Also, entropy appears on the scene for a first time, both in its statistical and its thermodynamical interpretation. Gibb’s fundamental form i…
Anomalous size-dependence of interfacial profiles between coexisting phases of polymer mixtures in thin-film geometry: A Monte Carlo simulation
1997
The interfacial profile between coexisting phases of a binary mixture (A,B) in a thin film of thickness D and lateral linear dimensions L depends sensitively on both linear dimensions and on the nature of boundary conditions and statistical ensembles applied. These phenomena generic for systems in confined geometry are demonstrated by Monte-Carlo simulations of the bond fluctuation model of symmetric polymer mixtures. Both the canonical and semi-grand-canonical ensemble are studied. In the canonical ensemble, the interfacial width w increases (from small values which are of the same order as the intrinsic profile) like sqrt{D}, before a crossover to a saturation value w_max (w_max^2 proport…
Construction sequence analysis of long-span cable-stayed bridges
2018
Abstract In cantilever construction of long-span cable-stayed bridges the stressing sequence of stays is fundamental for establishing the final configuration of the bridge. The structural behaviour of these bridges is usually evaluated through a forward staged construction analysis, in which the values of the prestressing forces to be applied to stays are the main unknowns. A unified procedure for determining the initial cable forces and for analyzing the entire sequence is presented here, considering the geometric nonlinearity of stays through the Dischinger equivalent elastic modulus. The target is the simultaneous determination of the initial cable forces with the simulation of the const…
Scanning force microscopy based rapid force curve acquisition on supported lipid bilayers: experiments and simulations using pulsed force mode.
2004
In situ pulsed force mode scanning force microscopy (PFM-SFM) images of phase separated solid-supported lipid bilayers are discussed with the help of computer simulations. Simultaneous imaging of material properties and topography in a liquid environment by means of PFM-SFM is severely hampered by hydrodynamic damping of the cantilever. Stiffness and adhesion images of solid-supported membranes consisting of cholesterol, sphingomyelin, and 1,2-dioleyl-phosphatidylcholine obtained in aqueous solution exhibit contrast inversion of adhesion and stiff. ness images depending on parameters such as driving frequency, amplitude, and trigger setting. Simulations using a simple harmonic oscillator mo…
The mixed capacitated general routing problem with turn penalties
2011
In this paper we deal with the mixed capacitated general routing problem with turn penalties. This problem generalizes many important arc and node routing problems, and it takes into account turn penalties and forbidden turns, which are crucial in many real-life applications, such as mail delivery, waste collection and street maintenance operations. Through a polynomial transformation of the considered problem into a Generalized Vehicle routing problem, we suggest a new approach for solving this new problem by transforming it into an Asymmetric Capacitated Vehicle routing problem. In this way, we can solve the new problem both optimally and heuristically using existing algorithms. A powerfu…
Approximate Algorithm for Fast Capacity Provisioning in WANs with Trade-Off between Performance and Cost under Budget Constraint
2014
Due to the emergence of Software Defined Networking (SDN) with the idea of centralized control over computer networks, the Capacity and Flow Assignment Problem (CFA) may be approached in a classical non-distributed fashion in real-life scenarios. The question arises whether a heuristical approach to this NP-complete problem is of any use in practice.
Der O2-Austausch zwischen Capillaren und Gewebe I. O2-Konzentrationsprofile in Blutcapillaren und deren Umgebung
1968
The differential equations valid for technical heat exchangers can also describe the O2 exchange in the blood capillaries and the exchange of molecules like THO and acetamid in the renal tubules. Differences in the boundary conditions occur, however. Hence, these differential equations were resolved for the corresponding boundary conditions. The results permit us to conclude that the concentration profiles occurring in the capillaries and renal tubules, as a result of diffusion in the capillary cross-section, can, generally speaking, be disregarded for the following reason: Although the differences in partial pressure between the capillary wall and capillary centre, at the beginning of the …
A model of capillary phenomena in RN with subcritical growth
2020
This paper deals with the nonlinear Dirichlet problem of capillary phenomena involving an equation driven by the p-Laplacian-like di¤erential operator in RN. We prove the existence of at least one nontrivial nonnegative weak solution, when the reaction term satisfies a sub-critical growth condition and the potential term has certain regularities. We apply the energy functional method and weaker compactness conditions.