Search results for "Payment"
showing 10 items of 189 documents
The Effects of Fiscal Redistribution
2016
Every discussion on income distribution and inequality distinguishes between market income, namely income before tax and without transfers, and disposable, or net income, which is after tax and including transfers. Hence, taxation and transfers create a redistribution of income. This redistribution is usually progressive, as direct taxes and subsidies are progressive, and thus it is supposed to reduce inequality, in the transition from market income to disposable income. This paper focuses on measuring the effect of fiscal policy in income redistribution and in reducing inequality. It also examines which type of fiscal policy is most strongly related to the redistribution of income, are the…
A real options game of alliance timing decisions in biopharmaceutical research and development
2017
Abstract In this article we examine the alliance timing trade-off facing both pharmaceutical and biotech firms in a stochastic and competitive environment. Specifically, we introduce a real options game (ROG), where a pharmaceutical company can choose between two competing biotech firms by sequentially offering a licensing deal early or late in the new drug development process. We find that, when the alliance raises the drug market value significantly, the agreement is signed late in the drug development process. This suggests that the postponement effect implied by the use of real options prevails over the biotech firms’ competition effect, which would instead play in favor of an early agr…
Antecedents of the Barriers Toward the Adoption of Unified Payment Interface
2020
This study examines the influence of factors related to consumer resistance on the intention to continue using the Unified Payment Interface (UPI) for electronic payments. UPI facilitates advanced, peer-to-peer, immediate payment with seamless interoperability among banks in India. The study extends the innovation resistance theory by including two behavioral measures - privacy concerns and visibility - and two moderators - security concerns and word of mouth (WOM). It used cross-sectional data collected from 714 UPI users aged between 16 and 55 years to test the proposed research model. The findings suggest that privacy concerns and usage barrier are the two crucial factors to be addressed…
Relevance of Wage for an Efficient Human Resource Management in a Period of Crisis
2013
Abstract Human resource management, generally, and also the issue concerning stimulation of this category of resources through wage and other rewards, are a permanent concern for professionals as well as for the representatives of the business area. During the current economic climate, when the overall difficulty is compounded by the economic crisis, the payment issue becomes vital. The present paper deals with this idea from two perspectives: based on economic literature review, but also throughout a case study regarding an enterprise from Resita city.
Efektīva skolas vadība un pedagoģiskie ceļi vidusskolēnu attīstībai
2022
Šajā disertācijā “Efektīva skolas vadība un pedagoģiskie ceļi vidusskolas audzēkņu attīstībai” tiek pētītas sociālā taisnīguma, vienlīdzības un pareizas pārvaldības izaicinājumi mācību iestādēs, īpaši pievēršoties vidusskolām. Dažādas domu skolas ir izteikušas savus ieteikumus par to, kā skolas ir jāpārvalda un kā jāmāca skolēni. Izglītības sistēma nav statiska un pēdējā laikā ir piedzīvojusi būtiskas izmaiņas, izaicinot tradicionālās sistēmas, mācību programmas un vispārējo didaktiku. Šis darbs mēģina ieskatīties skolu vadītāju vadības pieejā un vidusskolēnu ikdienas attieksmē un dzīvesveidā, lai izprastu izaicinājumus un piedāvātu risinājumus kritiskām problēmām, kas nomoka izglītības sis…
Catastrophic health expenditure: A comparative analysis of smoking and non-smoking households in China.
2020
Introduction Smoking is hazardous to health and places a heavy economic burden on individuals and their families. Clearly, smoking in China is prevalent since China is the largest consumer of tobacco in the world. Chinese smoking and nonsmoking households were compared in terms of the incidence and intensity of Catastrophic Health Expenditures (CHEs). The factors associated with catastrophic health expenditures were analyzed. Methods Data for this study were collected from two waves of panel data in 2011 and 2013 from the national China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). A total of 8073 households with at least one member aged above 45 were identified each year. Catastrophic…
How to pay for the war in times of imperfect commitment. Adam Smith and David Ricardo on the Sinking Fund
2014
AbstractThe paper proposes a comparative analysis of Smith's and Ricardo's views on the sinking fund. It shows that Smith and Ricardo agreed in stressing the ineffectiveness of the sinking fund as a policy instrument targeted at public debt repayment and tax-burden relief, pointing out that its actual workings had paradoxically helped to increase rather than reduce British total debt-load. Moreover, their explanation of the sinking fund paradox integrates a defective fiscal commitment technology with powerful politicians’ incentives to siphon off the money stored in the sinking fund to meet sudden increases of public expenditure whenever the occasion arose.
Balance of payments crises and fiscal adjustment measures
1991
A model with optimizing firms and consumers is used to explore the effects of unannounced and preannounced fiscal adjustment policies that are intended to prevent an impending balance of payments crisis. It is shown that preannouncement unambiguously raises the required fiscal adjustment effort so that, from the government's point of view, “cold turkey” is the preferable policy. The effect of preannouncement on the private sector's adjustment cost is ambiguous since preannouncement induces an externality which may either benefit or harm the private sector, depending on the nature of the measure that is preannounced.
Transport in Spain: economic analysis of the sector
1982
Abstract This article analyses the evolution of the transport sector in Spain in recent years, the analysis being presented in three parts. The first part is an analysis of the sector from a macroeconomic point of view and its relation to the most relevant macromagnitudes of the Spanish Economy. The relative importance and relationship of transport is shown in relation to Gross Domestic Product, the evolution and the significance of the different modes of transportation, its significance in the Gross Formation of Fixed Capital and the relationship between transport and energy, balance of payments, employment and the public sector. The second part of the paper is a microeconomic analysis of …
[Cost of hospital-based management of acute myeloid leukemia: from analytical to procedure-based tarification]
2006
International audience; The confrontation of the macro- and micro-economic approaches of hospital costs is a recurrent question, in particular for pathologies where length of stay is highly variable, like acute myeloid leukemias (AML). This monocentric and retrospective study compares direct hospital medical costs of induction and relapse treatment sequences for AML, valued according to four different approaches: the analytic accounting system of our hospital, the French Diagnosis Related Group (DRG) cost databases of hospital discharges (readjusted, or not, to actual hospital stay duration), and official tariffs from the new French DRG prospective payment system. The average cost of hospit…