Search results for "Phosphocholine"

Liver X Receptor Regulates Arachidonic Acid Distribution and Eicosanoid Release in Human Macrophages

2013

Objective— Liver X receptors (LXRs) are oxysterol-activated nuclear receptors that are highly expressed in macrophages and regulate lipid homeostasis and inflammation. Among putative LXR target genes, lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 3 (LPCAT3) involved in the Lands cycle controls the fatty acid composition at the sn-2 position of glycerophospholipids and, therefore, the availability of fatty acids, such as arachidonic acid (AA), used for eicosanoid synthesis. The aim of our study was to determine whether LXRs could regulate the Lands cycle in human macrophages, to assess the consequences in terms of lipid composition and inflammatory response, and to work out the relative contribut…

Developmental dynamics of PAFAH1B subunits during mouse brain development.

2012

Platelet-activating factor (PAF) mediates an array of biological processes in the mammalian central nervous system as a bioactive lipid messenger in synaptic function and dysfunction (plasticity, memory, and neurodegeneration). The intracellular enzyme that deacetylates the PAF (PAFAH1B) is composed of a tetramer of two catalytic subunits, ALPHA1 (PAFAH1B3) and ALPHA2 (PAFAH1B2), and a regulatory dimer of LIS1 (PAFAH1B1). We have investigated the mouse PAFAH1B subunit genes during brain development in normal mice and in mice with a hypomorphic allele for Lis1 (Lis1/sLis1; Cahana et al. [2001] Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98:6429–6434). We have analyzed quantitatively (by means of real-time poly…

Free choline and choline metabolites in rat brain and body fluids: sensitive determination and implications for choline supply to the brain.

1993

In the central nervous system, choline is an essential precursor of choline-containing phospholipids in neurons and glial cells and of acetylcholine in cholinergic neurons. In order to study choline transport and metabolism in the brain, we developed a comprehensive methodical procedure for the analysis of choline and its major metabolites which involves a separation step, selective hydrolysis and subsequent determination of free choline by HPLC and electrochemical detection. In the present paper, we report the levels of choline, acetylcholine, phosphocholine, glycerophosphocholine and choline-containing phospholipids in brain tissue, cerebrospinal fluid and blood plasma of the untreated ra…

Organotin(IV) chloride complexes with phosphocholine and dimyristoyl-L-?-phosphatidylcholine

2000

Several complexes of R n SnCl 4-n (R = Me, Ph, n = 1-3; R = nBu, n = 2, 3) with phosphocholine and dimyristoyl-L-α-phosphatidylcholine (phospholipid) have been synthesized and characterized by means of Mossbauer spectroscopy and NMR. Triorganotin chlorides form complexes of (R 3 SnCl) 2 .L stoichiometry with a trigonal bipyramidal pentacoordinate tin environment, while the others form 1:1 complexes with an octahedral hexacoordinate tin environment, with the ligands coordinating through anionic phosphodiester moieties in all cases.

The influence of long-term dietary choline deficiency on choline metabolites in the rat brain

1996

Human Breast Milk NMR Metabolomic Profile across Specific Geographical Locations and Its Association with the Milk Microbiota

2018

The composition of human breast milk is highly variable, and it can be influenced by genetics, diet, lifestyle, and other environmental factors. This study aimed to investigate the impact of geographical location and mode of delivery on the nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) metabolic profile of breast milk and its relationship with the milk microbiome. Human milk metabolic and microbiota profiles were determined using NMR and 16S rRNA gene sequencing, respectively, in 79 healthy women from Finland, Spain, South Africa, and China. Up to 68 metabolites, including amino acids, oligosaccharides, and fatty acid-associated metabolites, were identified in the milk NMR spectra. The meta…

The Homeostasis of Brain Choline

1993

The interest in the homeostasis of brain choline is reinforced by the role of choline as immediate precursor of acetylcholine, phosphatidylcholine and other phospholipids in the brain. In order to obtain a comprehensive view of the mochanisms of homeostasis it appeared necessary to elucidate the negative arteriovenous difference of choline across the brain (net release), a phenomenon that has been known for 20 years and is present in mammals and in man. This finding prompted an intense search for a de novo synthesis of choline in the brain. We detected in anaesthetized rats a reversal of the net release into a net uptake (positive arterio-venous difference), when the plasma level of choline…

Clinical correlates of change in inflammatory biomarkers: The Framingham Heart Study

2013

Objectives: Traditional clinical risk factors are associated with inflammation cross-sectionally, but associations of longitudinal variation in inflammatory biomarkers with corresponding changes in clinical risk factors are incompletely described. We sought to analyze clinical factors associated with change in inflammation in the community.Methods: We studied 3013 Framingham Offspring (n = 2735) and Omni Cohort (n = 278) participants (mean age 59 years, 55% women, 9% ethnic/racial minority) who attended two consecutive examination cycles (mean 6.7 years apart). We selected ten inflammatory biomarkers representing distinctive biological functions: C-reactive protein (CRP), intercellular adhe…

Evidence that clustered phosphocholine head groups serve as sites for binding and assembly of an oligomeric protein pore.

2006

High susceptibility of rabbit erythrocytes toward the pore-forming action of staphylococcal alpha-toxin correlates with the presence of saturable, high affinity binding sites. All efforts to identify a protein or glycolipid receptor have failed, and the fact that liposomes composed solely of phosphatidylcholine are efficiently permeabilized adds to the enigma. A novel concept is advanced here to explain the puzzle. We propose that low affinity binding moieties can assume the role of high affinity binding sites due to their spatial arrangement in the membrane. Evidence is presented that phosphocholine head groups of sphingomyelin, clustered in sphingomyelin-cholesterol microdomains, serve th…

Glycerophosphocholine is elevated in cerebrospinal fluid of Alzheimer patients.

2003

Experimental and clinical studies give evidence for breakdown of membrane phospholipids during neurodegeneration. In the present study, we measured the levels of glycerophosphocholine (GPCh), phosphocholine (PCh), and choline, that is, water-soluble metabolites of phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho), in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Among 30 cognitively normal patients the average CSF levels of GPCh, phosphocholine and choline were 3.64, 1.28, and 1.93 microM, respectively; metabolite levels did not change with increasing age. When compared with age-matched controls, patients with Alzheimer's disease had elevated levels of all choline metabolites: GPCh was significantly increased by 76% (P<0.01…