Search results for "Pre-industrial"
showing 7 items of 7 documents
The seasonality of three childhood infections in a pre-industrial society without schools
2021
AbstractBackgroundThe burden of many infectious diseases varies seasonally and a better understanding of the drivers of infectious disease seasonality would help to improve public health interventions. For directly transmitted highly-immunizing childhood infections, the leading hypothesis is that seasonality is strongly driven by social gatherings imposed by schools, with maxima and minima during school terms and holidays respectively. However, we currently have a poor understanding of the seasonality of childhood infections in societies without schools and whether these are driven by human social gatherings. Here, we used unique nationwide data consisting of >40 epidemics over 100 years…
Solar forcing for nutricline depth variability inferred by coccoliths in the pre-industrial northwestern Mediterranean
2023
The oceanic system has been rapidly changing under human-induced climate change that is taking place at unprecedented rates. The paleoclimate archive of the last two millennia is often adopted to discern the ongoing anthropogenic global warming from the pre-industrial natural climate variability. The Mediterranean Sea is an especially critical system, being particularly affected by climate change. A common group of marine unicellular planktonic calcifiers, coccolithophores, are forming calcite plates, coccoliths. When reaching the sediments, they have been employed as a proxy in many paleoenvironmental reconstructions and are increasingly used in the last centuries. Recent studies indicate …
On the emergence of the urban phenomenon Part II
2001
In this paper, we extend the basic model describing the formation of urban agglomerations in a pre-industrial setting. As we will show, this setting is flexible enough to allow for the investigation of multiple aspects of the spatial economy. After summarizing the basic model and the numerical examples we will refer to, we successively examine the issues of coordination failure in the emergence of the urban phenomenon, the presence of transactions costs and the possibility of diffusion of manufactured good production through the system of agglomerations. This last aspect will be treated in two different ways : that of increasing agricultural productivity and that of increasing technologi…
Analysis and assessment of trace element contamination in offshore sediments of the Augusta Bay (SE Sicily): A multivariate statistical approach base…
2014
Abstract An application of multivariate statistical methods is provided to identify anthropogenic contaminants and lithogenic elements in offshore sediments collected near the heavily industrialized Augusta Bay, Sicily. An exploratory statistical technique, based on canonical correlation analysis (CCA) and mixture density estimation approach, is used for distinguishing between natural and anthropogenic contributions of trace elements in the investigated sediments. Following the intensive industrialization of Augusta area, marine sediments reveal the severe impact of local anthropogenic activities for many elements (e.g. As, Cd, Hg, Pb, and Sb), which are considered very dangerous for the en…
Suomen esiteollisen kauden valuuttamuunnin (1534–1880)
2022
Kysymys tuotteiden, esineiden, asioiden ja palvelusten rahallisesta arvosta koskettaa historiantutkimusta monialaisesti. Esiteollista aikakautta tutkiville rahassa mitattavien arvojen yhteismitallistamista vaikeuttaa se, että käytössä oli tyypillisesti yhtä aikaa useita valuuttoja. Lisäksi osa valuutoista oli fyysisiä, kierrossa olleita rahoja, osaa taas käytettiin ainoastaan käsitteellisinä tilivaluuttoina rahallisen arvon määrittämiseen. Uusia valuuttoja myös otettiin käyttöön suhteellisen usein ja valuutan arvoa voitiin muuttaa nopeasti poliittisilla päätöksillä. Suomen esiteollisen kauden valuuttakurssimuunnin (1534–1880) sisältää Suomen alueella esiteollisena aikana käytössä olleiden t…
On the emergence of the urban phenomenon. Part I
2001
In this paper we develop a relatively simple but general model describing the formation of urban agglomerations in a pre-industrial setting. Rural agglomeration on a local scale arises from the multiplication and specialization of intermediate goods and labor services, while dispersion is due to the commuting costs of agricultural workers. Urban agglomeration on a more global scale stems from the trade-off between increasing returns to scale and transport costs of goods. We derive a general equilibrium model of the formation of urban structures and show how population growth, strict indivisibilities and structural changes in the production sector can modify quantitatively and qualitatively …
I mulini ad acqua: dalla conservazione statica alla pratica sistemica
2013
I mulini di Polizzi: dalla conservazione statica alla pratica sistemica. Il sistema tradizionale di molitura con macine azionate dall'energia idraulica, diffuso in tutto il Mediterraneo, è presente molti Comuni della provincia di Palermo, ed è rimasto in uso fino al secondo dopoguerra. Si tratta di strutture produttive a ruota orizzontale; In genere diversi mulini sorgono in successione lungo lo stesso corso d'acqua, costituendo così un sistema. Sono queste le caratteristiche peculiari della “flomaria molendinorum” nel territorio di Polizzi Generosa: una vera e propria scalinata di impianti idraulici ancora visibili nel paesaggio odierno, concentrazioni testimoniate fin dal XII secolo. All'…