Search results for "Psilocin"
showing 8 items of 8 documents
Comparative Study of Different Column Types for the Separation of Polar Basic Hallucinogenic Alkaloids
2016
The number of hallucinogenic compounds that have been separated simultaneously by liquid chromatography is limited. This research aimed to identify a column(s) that can allow for separation of several hallucinogens. The extent of separation of seven polar hallucinogenic tryptamine and phenethylamine derived alkaloids containing a basic N atom that becomes protonated at low pH values were investigated on five reverse-based columns and one hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) column. An RP-phenyl and a negatively charged fused core HILIC were identified and recommended as effective columns in this regard. This research is the first to introduce a HILIC column in separation of…
Pholiotina cyanopus, a rare fungus producing psychoactive tryptamines
2014
Abstract Pholiotina cyanopus was collected from wood chips and other woody remnants of undetermined tree species. Its basidiomata were found in June within the area of closed sawmill in the central part of Żywiec city (SW Poland). Description and illustration of Ph. cyanopus based on Polish specimens are provided and its ecology, general distribution and comparison with similar taxa – Pholiotina smithii, Pholiotina sulcatipes, and others are discussed as well. The identity of the active compounds of Ph. cyanopus was additionally determined. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) data sets were obtained to support the occurrence of psilocybin and its analogues – psilocin, baeocystin…
Direct Analysis of Psilocin and Muscimol in Urine Samples Using Single Drop Microextraction Technique In-Line with Capillary Electrophoresis
2020
The fully automated system of single drop microextraction coupled with capillary electrophoresis (SDME-CE) was developed for in-line preconcentration and determination of muscimol (MUS) and psilocin (PSC) from urine samples. Those two analytes are characteristic active metabolites of Amanita and Psilocybe mushrooms, evoking visual and auditory hallucinations. Study analytes were selectively extracted from the donor phase (urine samples, pH 4) into the organic phase (a drop of octanol layer), and re-extracted to the acidic acceptor (background electrolyte, BGE), consisting of 25 mM phosphate buffer (pH 3). The optimized conditions for the extraction procedure of a 200 µ
Fungal Hallucinogens Psilocin, Ibotenic Acid, and Muscimol
2013
Psychoactive drugs of fungal origin, psilocin, ibotenic acid, and muscimol among them have been proposed for recreational use and popularized since the 1960s, XX century. Despite their well-documented neurotoxicity, they reached reputation of being safe and nonaddictive. Scientific efforts to find any medical application for these hallucinogens in psychiatry, psychotherapy, and even for religious rituals support are highly controversial. Even if they show any healing potential, their usage in psychotherapy is in some cases inadequate and may additionally harm seriously suffering patients. Hallucinogens are thought to reduce cognitive functions. However, in case of indolealkylamines, such as…
Assays for Detection of Fungal Hallucinogens Such as Psilocybin and Psilocin
2016
Abstract Methods applicable to the detection of hallucinogenic indole compounds, namely psilocybin, psilocin, and related molecules, that have been developed so far for purposes of mycological research, toxicological studies, or forensic investigations are described in this chapter. The most current literature as well as some interesting older publications are cited, providing a historical overview of the subject. Methods of qualitative and quantitative analysis are presented. Additionally, preliminary purification steps and sample treatment before the exact quantitative determination are proposed. The methods described utilized various analytical techniques for the measurement of psilocybi…
Assays for detection of fungal hallucinogens such as psilocybin and psilocin
2016
Methods applicable to the detection of hallucinogenic indole compounds, namely psilocybin, psilocin, and related molecules, that have been developed so far for purposes of mycological research, toxicological studies, or forensic investigations are described in this chapter. The most current literature as well as some interesting older publications are cited, providing a historical overview of the subject. Methods of qualitative and quantitative analysis are presented. Additionally, preliminary purification steps and sample treatment before the exact quantitative determination are proposed. The methods described utilized various analytical techniques for the measurement of psilocybin/psiloci…
Research on Acute Toxicity and the Behavioral Effects of Methanolic Extract from Psilocybin Mushrooms and Psilocin in Mice
2015
The pharmacological activities and acute toxicity of the psilocin (PC) and dried residues of the crude extracts of psychotropic mushrooms were investigated in mice. The hallucinogenic substances were effectively isolated, by using methanol, from the species of Psilocybe semilanceata and Pholiotina cyanopus, that were collected in the north-east region of Poland. The chemical analysis of these extracts, which was performed by liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry detection (LC-MS), indicated the presence of psilocin and other hallucinogenic substances, including indolealkylamines and their phosphorylated analogues. When the pure psilocin or fungal extracts were used, slight difference…
Bioactive Alkaloids of Hallucinogenic Mushrooms
2015
Abstract The aim of our chapter is to review recent developments in a group of medicinally important natural products–alkaloids, with reference to the structure–activity studies in respect of certain diseases. Alkaloids covered by our review come from mushrooms called “hallucinogenic.” Hallucinogenic compounds have been chemically identified in mushrooms belonging to various genera, e.g., Agrocybe, Amanita, Conocybe, Galerina, Gymnopilus, Hypholoma, Inocybe, Panaeolus, Psilocybe, Pholiotina, Pluteus, and Weraroa [J.W. Allen, Ethnomycol. J. Sacred Mushroom Stud. 9 (2012) 130–175]. One of the largest classes of alkaloids is indole alkaloids. Indoles are probably the most widely distributed he…