Search results for "RULE"
showing 10 items of 1403 documents
Transmission modes affect the population structure of potato virus Y in potato.
2020
Transmission is a crucial part of a viral life cycle and transmission mode can have an important impact on virus biology. It was demonstrated that transmission mode can influence the virulence and evolution of a virus; however, few empirical data are available to describe the direct underlying changes in virus population structure dynamics within the host. Potato virus Y (PVY) is an RNA virus and one of the most damaging pathogens of potato. It comprises several genetically variable strains that are transmitted between plants via different transmission modes. To investigate how transmission modes affect the within-plant viral population structure, we have used a deep sequencing approach to …
State Capacity, Legal Design and the Venality of Judicial Offices
2020
We develop a model of venal judicial offices, i.e., sales of public positions in the judicial sector, which were used extensively in France (and many other European countries) during the 17th and 18th centuries, and which led to vastly improved French State capacity despite limited opportunities to raise taxes and to borrow. In this model, venality provides financial resources for the ruler, at the cost of less control over judicial decisions. We rely on this model to provide an analytic narrative of the rise and the decline of venality in Old Regime France.
'Legal Education in China: the Emerging of a Legal Profession? A Weberian Perspective'
2015
Legalità penale e Rule of Law
2016
Il principio di legalità in materia penale è circondato, oggi, da un’aura di paradosso. Per un verso, esso è considerato l’ovvio architrave di un sistema penale che, come quello italiano, si voglia ispirato ai principi della garanzia delle libertà individuali e della separazione dei poteri: pertanto, esso campeggia nei testi costituzionali e nei documenti internazionali sui diritti umani, e nei capitoli iniziali (quelli dedicati ai “principi fondamentali” della materia) di tutti i manuali di diritto penale. Per altro verso, invece, il destino del principio di legalità appare segnato. Il profluvio caotico delle leggi, il disordine delle fonti, la presenza di organismi sovranazionali (in part…
Efficacy of intra-arterial lidocaine infusion in the treatment of cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis
2020
Background Disturbances in pancreatic microcirculation, beginning with vasoconstriction, are crucial in early pancreatitis and progression to necrotizing pancreatitis. Thus, vascular-targeted treatment aiming to restore a sufficient level of microcirculation through vasodilation would possibly reduce the severity of pancreatitis. Lidocaine is an anti-arrhythmic and local anesthetic drug, which also acts as a vasodilator at higher concentrations. Objectives To evaluate the efficacy of intra-arterial infusion of lidocaine into the celiac trunk in treatment of cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis. Material and methods Wistar rats (n = 20) were randomly divided into 2 equal groups: the control g…
Implementations of a novel algorithm for colour constancy
1997
AbstractIn agreement with the principles of the relativistic model proposed by Creutzfeldtet al., with the photometric rule (lightness anchoring rule) and with the influence of simultaneous contrast in the appearance of a visual scene, we propose a first-stage mechanism yielding substantial colour constancy. We have defined a set of first-stage colour descriptors, and to test their utility, we have performed a simulation using a Machine Vision System (MVS). The statistical stability of the descriptors for Munsell samples under different illuminants is good.
Learning vector quantization with alternative distance criteria
2003
An adaptive algorithm for training of a nearest neighbour (NN) classifier is developed in this paper. This learning rule has some similarity to the well-known LVQ method, but uses the nearest centroid neighbourhood concept to estimate optimal locations of the codebook vectors. The aim of this approach is to improve the performance of the standard LVQ algorithms when using a very small codebook. The behaviour of the learning technique proposed here is experimentally compared to those of the plain k-NN decision rule and the LVQ algorithms.
La linguistique des grammaires françaises publiées en Espagne dans la première moitié du XIXe siècle
2005
RésuméDans cet article, nous examinons un corpus de 13 grammaires pour l’enseignement du français aux Espagnols, éditées dans la première moitié du XIXe siècle. Nous prenons en compte, dans une analyse de type transversal, (1) les sources citées par les auteurs ; (2) la nature de la définition de la grammaire et le nombre des parties du discours ; (3) la définition du nom (avec la présence ou non du schéma canonique de la déclinaison ou des classes spécifiques de cet élément) ; (4) la définition du verbe avec la présence ou non des catégories canoniques) ; et (5) la syntaxe. Notre objectif est de déterminer la linguistique explicite et implicite de ces grammaires scolaires, à une époque où …
Ortotipografía científica en publicaciones médico-quirúrgicas: la normativa académica relativa a la prefijación
2015
El objetivo del presente artículo es analizar el grado de cumplimiento de la normativa académica relativa a la correcta escritura de las palabras prefijadas (recogida en la nueva Ortografía de 2010) que realizan algunas publicaciones periódicas de carácter científico-técnico y, en concreto, del ámbito médico-quirúrgico. Se trata de una labor de profundización en un estudio anterior (Aguilar Ruiz 2012: 9-12). Para ello, comentamos los errores e incorrecciones más recurrentes de un corpus de publicaciones científicas argentinas de finales de 2012. The aim of this paper is to analyze the degree of compliance on the correct academic writing prefixed words (contained in the new spelling) that pe…
Positional influences on information packaging: Insights from topological fields in German
2012
Abstract We present three event-related potential studies that investigated the contribution of givenness and position-induced topicality (what a sentence is about) to information processing. The studies compared two types of referential expressions (given and inferred noun phrases (NPs)) in distinct sentential positions. The data revealed position-specific effects, reflected by an interaction of topicality and givenness: inferred NPs registered a more pronounced Late Positivity than given NPs in the canonical sentence-medial position, but not sentence-initially (Experiment 1). Additionally, there was a stable effect of givenness across positions, reflected by an N400 for inferred over give…