Search results for "RULE"
showing 10 items of 1403 documents
Global Functional Analyses of Cellular Responses to Pore-Forming Toxins
2011
Here we present the first global functional analysis of cellular responses to pore-forming toxins (PFTs). PFTs are uniquely important bacterial virulence factors, comprising the single largest class of bacterial protein toxins and being important for the pathogenesis in humans of many Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Their mode of action is deceptively simple, poking holes in the plasma membrane of cells. The scattered studies to date of PFT-host cell interactions indicate a handful of genes are involved in cellular defenses to PFTs. How many genes are involved in cellular defenses against PFTs and how cellular defenses are coordinated are unknown. To address these questions, we pe…
Virulent synergistic effect between Enterococcus faecalis and Escherichia coli assayed by using the Caenorhabditis elegans model.
2008
5 pages; International audience; BACKGROUND: The role of enterococci in the pathogenesis of polymicrobial infections is still debated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of virulent enterococci in the presence or absence of Escherichia coli strains in the in vivo Caenorhabditis elegans model. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: This study demonstrated that there was a synergistic effect on virulence when an association of enterococci and E. coli (LT50 = 1.6 days+/-0.1 according to the tested strains and death of nematodes in 4 days+/-0.5) was tested in comparison with enterococci alone (LT50 = 4.6 days+/-0.1 and death in 10.4 days+/-0.6) or E. coli alone (LT50 = 2.1+/-0.9 and deaths 6.6+/…
Early mitochondrial dysfunction, superoxide anion production, and DNA degradation are associated with non-apoptotic death of human airway epithelial …
2002
It has been shown that bacterial exoproducts may induce airway epithelium injury. During the epithelial repair process, the respiratory epithelial cells no more establish tight junctional intercellular complexes and may be particularly susceptible to bacterial virulence factors. In this study, we analyzed the effect of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (ETA) at different periods of time and concentrations on 16 HBE 14o(-) human bronchial epithelial cells in culture conditions inducing a phenotype of repairing cells. ETA treatment for 24 and 48 h led to the killing of 40.0 +/- 5.7% and 79.0 +/- 1.4% of the cells, respectively, as determined by the dimethylthiazole 2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium br…
Enhanced proinflammatory response to the Candida albicans gpi7 null mutant by murine cells.
2008
International audience; The Candida albicans gpi7/gpi7 null mutant strain (Deltagpi7), which is affected in glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor biosynthesis, showed a reduced virulence following systemic infection of C57BL/6 mice. In vitro production of TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-1beta by macrophages in response to Deltagpi7 cells was significantly increased as compared to control (wild type GPI7/GPI7 and revertant gpi7/GPI7) cells; this probably contributes to the enhanced recruitment of neutrophils to the peritoneal cavity in response to Deltagpi7 cells. Survival of knockout mice for Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4 following intravenous injection of Deltagpi7 cells showed no signifi…
Source-Target Mapping Model of Streaming Data Flow for Machine Translation
2017
Streaming information flow allows identification of linguistic similarities between language pairs in real time as it relies on pattern recognition of grammar rules, semantics and pronunciation especially when analyzing so called international terms, syntax of the language family as well as tenses transitivity between the languages. Overall, it provides a backbone translation knowledge for building automatic translation system that facilitates processing any of various abstract entities which combine to specify underlying phonological, morphological, semantic and syntactic properties of linguistic forms and that act as the targets of linguistic rules and operations in a source language foll…
Automatic stabilizers, fiscal rules and macroeconomic stability
2006
This paper analyzes the effect of the fiscal structure upon the trade-off between inflation and output stabilization in the presence of technological shocks in a DGE model with nominal and real rigidities. The model reproduces the main features of European economies and it integrates a rich menu of fiscal variables as well as a target on the debt to output ratio. The main result of this paper is that distortionary taxes tend to increase output volatility relative to lump-sum taxes unless substantial rigidities are present. We explore in detail the mechanisms that generate such a result, and the conditions under which the supply-side effects of distortionary taxes and the procyclical behavio…
Histidine kinases mediate differentiation, stress response, and pathogenicity in Magnaporthe oryzae.
2014
The aim of this study is a functional characterization of 10 putative histidine kinases (HIKs)-encoding genes in the phytopathogenic fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. Two HIKs were found to be required for pathogenicity in the fungus. It was found that the mutant strains ΔMohik5 and ΔMohik8 show abnormal conidial morphology and furthermore ΔMohik5 is unable to form appressoria. Both HIKs MoHik5p and MoHik8p appear to be essential for pathogenicity since the mutants fail to infect rice plants. MoSln1p and MoHik1p were previously reported to be components of the HOG pathway in M. oryzae. The ΔMosln1 mutant is more susceptible to salt stress compared to ΔMohik1, whereas ΔMohik1 appears to be stronger…
Decision Committee Learning with Dynamic Integration of Classifiers
2000
Decision committee learning has demonstrated spectacular success in reducing classification error from learned classifiers. These techniques develop a classifier in the form of a committee of subsidiary classifiers. The combination of outputs is usually performed by majority vote. Voting, however, has a shortcoming. It is unable to take into account local expertise. When a new instance is difficult to classify, then the average classifier will give a wrong prediction, and the majority vote will more probably result in a wrong prediction. Instead of voting, dynamic integration of classifiers can be used, which is based on the assumption that each committee member is best inside certain subar…
Dynamic Integration of Decision Committees
2000
Decision committee learning has demonstrated outstanding success in reducing classification error with an ensemble of classifiers. In a way a decision committee is a classifier formed upon an ensemble of subsidiary classifiers. Voting, which is commonly used to produce the final decision of committees has, however, a shortcoming. It is unable to take into account local expertise. When a new instance is difficult to classify, then it easily happens that only the minority of the classifiers will succeed, and the majority voting will quite probably result in a wrong classification. We suggest that dynamic integration of classifiers is used instead of majority voting in decision committees. Our…
Federalism and Party Democracy in West Germany
2011
According to Gerhard Lehmbruch, there is a growing inconsistency in West Germany between the principles of a federal polity and party democracy, primarily because the former relies on bargaining, and the latter relies on majority rule as a mechanism of conflict regulation. However, comparative analyses have shown that federalism and party competition are not incompatible. Generally, federal structures are neither detrimental nor conducive to the recruitment function of parties. Competence and experience as a parliamentary leader or as a specialist is the most essential precondition for advancement to national executive positions. The integrative capacities of political parties may even be s…