Search results for "Reactive"

Exercise-Induced Activation and Translocation of αB-Crystallin in Skeletal Muscle Depends upon Fiber Type and Oxidative Stress

2016

Alpha B-crystallin (CRYAB) is a member of the small heat shock proteins implicated in various biological functions, particularly in skeletal muscle tissue [1], where it results to be modulated following exercise-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) [2]. In this work we aimed to analyse the CRYAB response to acute exercise with respect muscle fiber composition and to identify the underlying molecular mechanism by the utilization of the C2C12 “in vitro” cellular model. Our results highlighted as acute exercise determines a specific increase of phospho-CRYAB both in the red, but not white, gastrocnemius (GS), with an higher amount of oxidative and oxidative-glycolytic fibers, and in soleus (S…

Oxidative stress and mitochondrial failure in the pathogenesis of glaucoma neurodegeneration

2015

This review focuses on oxidative stress and mitochondrial failure for understanding mechanisms of optic nerve damage in primary open-angle glaucoma. The chapter shows scientific evidence for the role of mitochondrial disbalance and reactive oxygen species in glaucoma neurodegeneration. Mitochondria regulate important cellular functions including reactive oxygen species generation and apoptosis. Mitochondrial alterations result from a wide variety of damaging sources. Reactive oxygen species formed by the mitochondria can act as signaling molecules, inducing lipid peroxidation and/or excitotoxicity with the result of cell lesion and death. Antioxidants may help to counteract oxidative stress…

Reactive oxygen species involvement in apoptosis and mitochondrial damage in Caco-2 cells induced by enniatins A, A1, B and B1

2013

The cytotoxic effects, the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) as well as the cell cycle disruption, the induction of apoptosis and changes in mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) as a function of increasing time have been determined in human colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) cells after exposure to enniatins (ENs) A, A₁, B and B₁. IC₅₀ values obtained by the MTT and Neutral Red assay, after 24, 48 and 72 h of exposure ranged from 0.5±0.1 to >15 μM. A significant increase (p≤0.05) in ROS generation and LPO production, as determined by the fluorescent probe H2-DCFDA and TBARS method respectively, was observed for all mycotoxins tested at 3.0 μM concent…

The protective effects of melanoidins in adriamycin-induced oxidative stress in isolated rat hepatocytes

2004

The importance of the antioxidants contained in foods is well recognized both for preserving the foods themselves and for supplying essential antioxidants in vivo. Among these, the melanoidins formed during food processing and storage represent a significant part of our diet, with an average intake of several grams per day. Melanoidins exhibit antioxidant properties in vitro through their protective effect against reactive oxygen species. Here we investigated the protective effect of the model glucose–glycine melanoidins on oxidative stress induced by adriamycin in hepatocytes isolated from rats. The study was performed by examining cell toxicity (lactate dehydrogenase) release in the mediu…

Glutathione-dependent defence system and monooxygenase enzyme activities in Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus (L.) exposed to ozone

2000

Abstract One of the major obstacles of the increasing usage of ozone in aquaculture is the lack of relevant risk assessment in culture conditions. Before the apparent advantages of ozonation can be utilised efficiently, the safety margins and biological basis of ozone toxicity should be assessed. In this research, 1-year-old Arctic charr ( Salvelinus alpinus (L.)) were exposed to an ozone concentration high enough to inactivate Aeromonas sp. bacteria in freshwater, but too low to be directly lethal to the fish themselves. The effects of ozone exposure on the activity of glutathione-dependent antioxidant enzymes and monooxygenase reactions were studied in blood and in liver. The fish were ac…

Formation of covalent di-tyrosine dimers in recombinant α-synuclein

2015

Parkinson's disease is associated with fibril deposition in the diseased brain. Misfolding events of the intrinsically disordered synaptic protein α-synuclein are suggested to lead to the formation of transient oligomeric and cytotoxic species. The etiology of Parkinson's disease is further associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and formation of reactive oxygen species. Oxidative stress causes chemical modification of native α-synuclein, plausibly further influencing misfolding events. Here, we present evidence for the spontaneous formation of covalent di-tyrosine α-synuclein dimers in standard recombinant protein preparations, induced without extrinsic oxidative or nitrative agents. The…

2013

Re-canalization of cerebral vessels in ischemic stroke is pivotal to rescue dysfunctional brain areas that are exposed to moderate hypoxia within the penumbra from irreversible cell death. Goal of the present study was to evaluate the effect of moderate hypoxia followed by reoxygenation (MHR) on the evolution of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity in brain endothelial cells (BEC). BBB integrity was assessed in BEC in vitro and in microvessels of the guinea pig whole brain in situ preparation. Probes were exposed to MHR (2 hours 67-70 mmHg O2, 3 hours reoxygenation, BEC) or towards occlusion of the arteria cerebri media (MCAO) with or without subsequent repe…

In vivo analysis of noise dependent activation of white blood cells and microvascular dysfunction in mice

2021

This article contains supporting information on data collection for the research article entitled “Aircraft noise exposure drives the activation of white blood cells and induces microvascular dysfunction in mice” by Eckrich et al. We found that noise-induced stress triggered microvascular dysfunction via involvement of innate immune-derived reactive oxygen species. In this article, we present the instrumentation of mice with dorsal skinfold chambers for in vivo microscopic imaging of blood flow, interaction of leukocytes with the vascular wall (also by fluorescent labelling of blood cells) and vessel diameter. In addition, we explain the preparation of cerebral arterioles for measurement of…

Photosensitization of DNA by β-carbolines: Kinetic analysis and photoproduct characterization

2012

β-Carbolines (βCs) are a group of alkaloids present in many plants and animals. It has been suggested that these alkaloids participate in a variety of significant photosensitized processes. Despite their well-established natural occurrence, the main biological role of these alkaloids and the mechanisms involved are, to date, poorly understood. In the present work, we examined the capability of three important βCs (norharmane, harmane and harmine) and two of its derivatives (N-methyl-norharmane and N-methyl-harmane) to induce DNA damage upon UV-A excitation, correlating the type and extent of the damage with the photophysical characteristics and DNA binding properties of the compounds. The r…

Mitochondrial oxidative stress and CD95 ligand: A dual mechanism for hepatocyte apoptosis in chronic alcoholism

2002

Apoptosis plays an important role in the progression of alcohol-induced liver disease to cirrhosis. Oxidative stress is an early event in the development of apoptosis. The major aim of this study was to study the conditions in which oxidative stress occurs in chronic alcoholism and its relationship with apoptosis of hepatocytes. We have found that oxidative stress is associated with chronic ethanol consumption in humans and in rats, in the former independently of the existence of alcohol-induced liver disease. Ethanol or acetaldehyde induces apoptosis in hepatocytes isolated from alcoholic rats, but not in those from control rats. Inhibition of aldehyde dehydrogenase, but not of cytochrome …