Search results for "Reason"

PROSOCIAL MORAL REASONING AND PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR AMONG TURKISH AND SPANISH ADOLESCENTS

2012

Due to copyright restrictions, the access to the full text of this article is only available via subscription. Prosocial moral reasoning and behavior of young people in early and middle adolescence were examined in relation to the association among the variable of cultural group, age, and gender. Adolescents from Valencia, Spain (673 boys, 579 girls) and Ankara, Turkey (185 boys, 145 girls) participated in this study. Results showed significant cultural group differences on both prosocial moral reasoning subscales and peer rating of prosocial behavior with Spanish adolescents scoring higher than Turkish adolescents, and in the pattern of relationships between these variables. There were als…

Kwalifikacja pisma procesowego jako apelacji lub wniosku o doręczenie wyroku z uzasadnieniem. Glosa do uchwały Sądu Najwyższego - Izba Pracy i Ubezpi…

2022

The commented resolution of the Supreme Court concerns the classification of a pleading filed by an insured person, the content of which indicates that the person disagrees with a decision on the merits of the case, in the context of doubts as to whether the pleading constitutes an appeal or a request for the service of a judgment with a statement of reasons. The Supreme Court held that if this type of uncertainty arises, the court should take action to clarify the real intention of the party, i.e. summon the insured person, on pain of returning the pleading, to remedy the formal defect of failing to identify the type of pleading. This view has been justified with good arguments, in particu…

The defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt in the Italian criminal justice system

2021

The criminal law standard of Beyond A Reasonable Doubt (BARD) constitutes an evidentiary and judicial rule, formulated and applied for centuries in common law jurisdictions, which was expressly stated in the Italian Code of Criminal Procedure only about fifteen years ago. Unfortunately, the concept of reasonable doubt is inherently complex and does not easily lend itself to definition or refinement. In this regard, the Author examines especially the various positions and elaborations developed by legal literature and case-law in Italy, proposing a specific interpretation of the BARD rule that enhances and completes the particular procedural connotations of the adversarial system adopted i…

Towards Axiomatic Basis of Inductive Inference

2001

The language for the formulation of the interesting statements is, of course, most important. We use first order predicate logic. Our main achievement in this paper is an axiom system which we believe to be more powerful than any other natural general purpose discovery axiom system. We prove soundness of this axiom system in this paper. Additionally we prove that if we remove some of the requirements used in our axiom system, the system becomes not sound. We characterize the complexity of the quantifier prefix which guaranties provability of a true formula via our system. We prove also that if a true formula contains only monadic predicates, our axiom system is capable to prove this formula…

The embodied sources of purpose expressions in Latin

2016

This chapter examines the phrasal means of encoding the semantic role of purpose in Latin. After discussing the notion of semantic role and its use in cognitive linguistics, we illustrate the conceptual relation between the notional domains of space and causation. On this basis, we analyze the source of purpose expressions in Latin, which are mainly based on direction (bare dative and the allative markers, i.e. ad / in + accusative), but also include prepositional phrases metaphorically derived from location (e.g. per + accusative, prō + ablative, propter + accusative), or metonymically spreading from reason to purpose (as in the case of causal markers such as genitive + causā and gratiā ).

Probabilistic interpretations of the square of opposition

We investigate the square of opposition from a probabilistic point of view. Probability allows for dealing with exceptions and uncertainty. We will interpret the corners of the square by means of (precise or imprecise) conditional probability assessments. They will be defined within the framework of coherence, which originally goes back to de Finetti. In this framework probabilities are conceived as degrees of belief, where conditional probability is defined as a primitive concept. Coherence allows for dealing with partial and imprecise assessments. Moreover, the coherence approach is especially suitable for dealing with zero antecedent probabilities (i.e., here conditioning events may have…

Requirement analysis abstractions for AmI system design

2015

Current trends in the AI’s evolution are going towards enriching environments with intelligence in order to support humans in their everyday life. AmI systems are plunged in the real world and humans expect to interact with them in a way that is similar to the one they have with other humans. In this kind of systems, where eliciting requirements involves several documents and stakeholders (mainly users that will be the first consumers of the system), the requirement analysis phase can be affected by incomplete, ambiguous and imprecise information. Hence, the need to find a fruitful way for knowledge management and its representation at design time. In this paper we propose a set of abstract…

A Knowledge Management and Decision Support Model for Enterprises

2011

We propose a novel knowledge management system (KMS) for enterprises. Our system exploits two different approaches for knowledge representation and reasoning: a document-based approach based on data-driven creation of a semantic space and an ontology-based model. Furthermore, we provide an expert system capable of supporting the enterprise decisional processes and a semantic engine which performs intelligent search on the enterprise knowledge bases. The decision support process exploits the Bayesian networks model to improve business planning process when performed under uncertainty. Copyright © 2011 Patrizia Ribino et al.

Voltage Security Assessment by Using PFDT and CBR Methods in Emerging Power System

2018

Abstract This paper exhibits varied methods for voltage security assessment in a restructured power system. This paper primarily lays emphasis on two methods that are Probabilistic Fuzzy Decision Tree (PFDT) and Case Based Reasoning (CBR). In PFDT, Decision Tree plays an integral role for classification of system. For further classification of power system security, an algorithm is developed to categorise the buses which trouble the security most. After classification of system, by using minimum amount of load curtailment of voltages on buses which made insecure to secure load. Optimization of load is done by curtailing reactive power from insecure buses. In CBR, old cases from database are…

Can Artificial Intelligence Interprete Legal Norms? A Problem of Practical Reason

2021

La formalización del razonamiento jurídico y, específicamente, de la interpretación es un viejo sueño de nuestra cultura. Hoy, la Inteligencia Artificial parece lista para cumplir esa tarea. Teóricos computacionales y lógicos están desarrollando herramientas técnicas para estructurar modelos formales de interpretación jurídica útiles para la Inteligencia Artificial. Sin embargo, estos esfuerzos han conseguido sólo formalizaciones abstractas, que no son capaces de resolver cuestiones materiales sobre la respuesta correcta ante un caso nuevo. Los algoritmos no pueden descubrir, ni evaluar, problemas humanos sin la ayuda de programadores; no pueden decidir entre hipótesis interpretativas alter…