Search results for "Replication"

Pathway network inference from gene expression data

2014

[EN] Background: The development of high-throughput omics technologies enabled genome-wide measurements of the activity of cellular elements and provides the analytical resources for the progress of the Systems Biology discipline. Analysis and interpretation of gene expression data has evolved from the gene to the pathway and interaction level, i.e. from the detection of differentially expressed genes, to the establishment of gene interaction networks and the identification of enriched functional categories. Still, the understanding of biological systems requires a further level of analysis that addresses the characterization of the interaction between functional modules. Results: We presen…

Slow Infection due to Lowering the Amount of Intact versus Empty Particles Is a Characteristic Feature of Coxsackievirus B5 Dictated by the Structura…

2019

Enterovirus B species typically cause a rapid cytolytic infection leading to efficient release of progeny viruses. However, they are also capable of persistent infections in tissues, which are suggested to contribute to severe chronic states such as myocardial inflammation and type 1 diabetes. In order to understand the factors contributing to differential infection strategies, we constructed a chimera by combining the capsid proteins from fast-cytolysis-causing echovirus 1 (EV1) with nonstructural proteins from coxsackievirus B5 (CVB5), which shows persistent infection in RD cells. The results showed that the chimera behaved similarly to parental EV1, leading to efficient cytolysis in both…

Early entry events in Echovirus 30 infection

2020

Echovirus 30 (E30), a member of the enterovirus B species, is a major cause of viral meningitis, targeting children and adults alike. While it is a frequently isolated enterovirus and the cause of several outbreaks all over the world, surprisingly little is known regarding its entry and replication strategy within cells. In this study, we used E30 strain Bastianni (E30B) generated from an infectious cDNA clone in order to study early entry events during infection in human RD cells. E30B required the newly discovered Fc echovirus receptor (FcRn) for successful infection, but not the coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR) or decay-accelerating factor (DAF), although an interaction with …

Increasing growth temperature alters the within-host competition of viral strains and influences virus genetic variation

2020

AbstractThe emergence of viral diseases in plant crops hamper the sustainability of food production, and this may be boosted by global warming. Concurrently, mixed viral infections are becoming common in plants, of which epidemiology are unpredictable due to within-host virus-virus interactions. However, the extent in which the combined effect of variations in the abiotic components of the plant ecological niche (e.g., temperature) and the prevalence of mixed infections (i.e., within-host interactions among viruses) affect the evolutionary dynamics of viral populations is not well understood. Here, we explore the interplay between ecological and evolutionary factors during viral infections,…

2020

There is an active debate regarding whether the ego depletion effect is real. A recent preregistered experiment with the Stroop task as the depleting task and the antisaccade task as the outcome task found a medium-level effect size. In the current research, we conducted a preregistered multilab replication of that experiment. Data from 12 labs across the globe ( N = 1,775) revealed a small and significant ego depletion effect, d = 0.10. After excluding participants who might have responded randomly during the outcome task, the effect size increased to d = 0.16. By adding an informative, unbiased data point to the literature, our findings contribute to clarifying the existence, size, and g…

Let There be Variance: Individual Differences in Consecutive Self–Control in A Laboratory Setting and Daily Life

2019

The large body of research used to support ego–depletion effects is currently faced with conceptual and replication issues, leading to doubt over the extent or even existence of the ego–depletion effect. By using within–person designs in a laboratory (Study 1; 187 participants) and an ambulatory assessment study (Study 2; 125 participants), we sought to clarify this ambiguity by investigating whether prominent situational variables (such as motivation and affect) or personality traits can help elucidate when ego depletion can be observed and when not. Although only marginal ego–depletion effects were found in both studies, these effects varied considerably between individuals, indicating t…

A Multisite Preregistered Paradigmatic Test of the Ego-Depletion Effect

2021

We conducted a preregistered multilaboratory project ( k = 36; N = 3,531) to assess the size and robustness of ego-depletion effects using a novel replication method, termed the paradigmatic replication approach. Each laboratory implemented one of two procedures that was intended to manipulate self-control and tested performance on a subsequent measure of self-control. Confirmatory tests found a nonsignificant result ( d = 0.06). Confirmatory Bayesian meta-analyses using an informed-prior hypothesis (δ = 0.30, SD = 0.15) found that the data were 4 times more likely under the null than the alternative hypothesis. Hence, preregistered analyses did not find evidence for a depletion effect. Ex…

Improvement in Nuclear Entry and Transgene Expression of Baculoviruses by Disintegration of Microtubules in Human Hepatocytes

2005

ABSTRACT Autographa californica multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV), a potent virus for mammalian cell gene delivery, possesses an ability to transduce mammalian cells without viral replication. We examined the role of the cellular cytoskeleton in the cytoplasmic trafficking of viral particles toward the nucleus in human hepatic cells. Microscopic studies showed that capsids were found in the nucleus after either viral inoculation or cytoplasmic microinjection of nucleocapsids. The presence of microtubule (MT) depolymerizing agents caused the amount of nuclear capsids to increase. Overexpression of p50/dynamitin, an inhibitor of dynein-dependent endocytic trafficking from peripheral e…

Pathways of Cell Infection by Parvoviruses and Adeno-Associated Viruses

2004

Animal viruses have developed various strategies for infecting cells, and all begin with adsorption to cell surface receptors, penetration into the cytosol, uncoating or release of the viral genome, and targeting the genome and any required accessory proteins toward the correct cellular organelle or compartment for replication (26, 48, 63). Since genome delivery and release require the rearrangement of the viral structures, infection is normally a multistep process involving various viral and cellular components. Viruses that replicate in the nucleus must have mechanisms for transporting the genome and other components to the vicinity of the nuclear pore and into the nucleus (84). The endos…

A membrane-destabilizing peptide in capsid protein L2 is required for egress of papillomavirus genomes from endosomes

2005

ABSTRACT Papillomaviruses are internalized via clathrin-dependent endocytosis. However, the mechanism by which viral genomes pass endosomal membranes has not been elucidated. In this report we show that the minor capsid protein L2 is required for egress of viral genomes from endosomes but not for initial uptake and uncoating and that a 23-amino-acid peptide at the C terminus of L2 is necessary for this function. Pseudogenomes encapsidated by L1 and L2 lacking this peptide accumulated in vesicular compartments similar to that observed with L1-only viral particles, and these mutant pseudoviruses were noninfectious. This L2 peptide displayed strong membrane-disrupting activity, induced cytolys…