Search results for "Reward"

Influence of social stress on the rewarding effects of cocaine

2016

Les relacions socials són un procés crucial en el desenvolupament de l’ésser humà, i en altres espècies socials que viuen en jerarquies socials complexes. L’entorn i l’ambient en el qual es desenvolupa un individu és fonamental, ja que tindrà un gran impacte sobre el seu benestar, el manteniment de la salut i la seua supervivència (Kessler i cols., 2010). La resposta a l'estrés és un factor clau en el manteniment de l'homeòstasi i la salut de l'individu. Aquesta dependrà de la interacció amb l’entorn i l’activitat de certs sistemes regulatoris de l’organisme, com són el sistema nerviós simpàtic i l’eix hipotàlem-hipofisari-adrenal (HPA) (Stratakis i Chrousos, 1995). Diferents tipus d'estrés…

Crowdfunding in the Cultural Industries

2020

AbstractCultural production has stood at the forefront of crowdfunding adoption representing some of the first crowdfunding campaigns on record. This development emerged as part of comprehensive value chain reconfigurations in the cultural sector, which were triggered by the advent of digitalization on the one hand and the downsizing in public funds on the other. As a result, the emerging phenomenon here labelled as ‘cultural crowdfunding’ (CCF) has captured the imagination of researchers and practitioners. The study of CCF is of high relevance, as it presses creators to strike a balance between the commercial and the non-commercial, the economic and the cultural outcomes, as well as the au…

Reward-based crowdfunding campaigns: Informational value and access to venture capital

2018

We consider an entrepreneur who designs a reward-based crowdfunding campaign when the campaign provides a signal about the future demand for the product and subsequent venture capital is needed. We find that both the informativeness of the campaign and considerations related to gaining access to venture capital funding affect the entrepreneur’s choice of campaign instruments, as well as her decision of whether to run a campaign. In particular, entrepreneurs should launch the campaign either when it is highly informative or when it is not informative at all. For relatively low levels of informativeness, but not so low that the venture capitalist (VC) completely ignores the campaign outcome …

Reward and punishment: investigating cortico-bulbar excitability to disclose the value of goods

2013

A continuing challenge for neuroscientists is to develop new conceptual tools and methodologies for understanding, predicting and modelling the influences of rewarding/punishing outcomes on human behaviour and decision making. Reinforcement shapes behaviours from the most primitive (fight/flight, ingest/regurgitate, approach/avoid) to complex (buy/sell). Understanding the neural processes underlying reinforcement is critical for understanding economic and social decision-making. Moreover, comprehension of deranged processing and responses to reinforcing stimuli is crucial across a range of psychology fields and society as a whole, including psychiatric and neurological illness, eating disor…

Constituents of music and visual-art related pleasure : A critical integrative literature review

2017

Social Interactions of Dat-Het Epi-Genotypes Differing for Maternal Origins: The Development of a New Preclinical Model of Socio-Sexual Apathy

2021

Social interaction is essential for life but is impaired in many psychiatric disorders. We presently focus on rats with a truncated allele for dopamine transporter (DAT). Since heterozygous individuals possess only one non-mutant allele, epigenetic interactions may unmask latent genetic predispositions. Homogeneous “maternal” heterozygous offspring (termed MAT-HET) were born from dopamine-transporter knocked-out (DAT-KO) male rats and wild-type (WT) mothers

Evolution of vertebrate survival circuits

2018

Evolution selects those adaptive features that increase reproductive probabilities and facilitate survival. Analysing the brain circuits mediating risk-avoidance (e.g. defense) and those allowing reward-seeking (motivated) behaviours in different vertebrates leads to several main conclusions. First, circuits mediating risk-avoidance are similar in all studied vertebrates, where they include amygdala homologues located in the posterior half of the cerebral hemispheres, in close relationship with the chemosensory systems. Second, in all vertebrates, reward-seeking behaviours involve the activity of tegmento-striatal dopaminergic pathways, plus other inputs to the ventral striatum, including a…

Incentive Mechanism for Edge-Computing-Based Blockchain

2020

Blockchain has been gradually applied to different Internet of Things (IoT) platforms. As the efficiency of the blockchain mainly depends on the network computing capability, how to make sure the acquisition of the computational resources and participation of the devices would be the driving force. In this work, we focus on investigating incentive mechanism for rational miners to purchase the computational resources. A edge computing-based blockchain network is considered, where the edge service provider (ESP) can provide computational resources for the miners. Accordingly, we formulate a two-stage Stackelberg game between the miners and ESP. The aim is to investigate Stackelberg equilibriu…

Internet and computer game addiction - a review of current neuroscientific research

2011

IntroductionA significant part computer game players and internet users show clinical features of abuse and addiction (loss of control, withdrawal symptoms, tolerance, continuation of game play even with increasing negative consequence in social and academic life). Similar mechanisms are suggested to underlie the pathogenesis and maintenance of internet and computer game addiction and substance-related addictions.ObjectivesNeuroscientific research on internet and computer game addiction is sparse, yet emerging. To review previous studies is the objective of the present project.AimsWe aim to identify common findings regarding the neurophysiological processes underlying internet and computer …

Out of time? - Music, consciousness states and neuropharmacological mechanisms of an altered temporality

2009

Drug-induced altered temporality is a well-known effect of cannabis action that is utilised from musicians and music listeners for music appreciation since the early days of jazz. Cannabis has an influence on timing processes at short time scales of hundreds of milliseconds as O’Leary et al (2003) have shown in their tapping studies, proving evidence of an altered cerebellar functioning. This paper will focus on cannabis and its action on timing and aims to discuss selected scientific streams of research on the neurophysiological and neuropharmacological base of timing mechanisms in terms of an social pharmacology of music (Fachner, 2009). The mechanisms behind this altered temporality rema…