Search results for "STATES"
showing 10 items of 1532 documents
Promotion of Social Policies – an Investment in the Future: Canada – European Union – Baltic States – Nordic Countries
2009
This volume represents presentations, discussions and research papers in conjunction with the Forum for a Comparative Dialog- an Investment in the Future. The Forum was held in Riga at the University of Latvia on November 6-8, 2008 and was organised by the Centre for European and Transition Studies at the University of Latvia and Capilano University, Canada.
EU Communication in the Member States: Comparative Analysis of Finnish and Italian Communication Strategies
2008
The aim of this paper is to analyze the information and communication policies and strategies developed by the European Union between 2001 and 2006 and their implementation in two member states, namely, Finland and Italy, from a public relations perspective. Six EU information and communication policies are presented, and it is discussed whether or not these policies affect the communication actions of the two selected member states and how these states have implemented them. The results indicate that EU communication strategies during this period were very similar in both countries and not sufficiently tailored to their individual needs. The study is based on a content analysis of EU docum…
The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) vis-à-vis amnesties and pardons : factors concerning or affecting the degree of ECtHR’s deference to states
2022
States have adopted amnesties/pardons concerning serious human rights violations to transition from crises, dictatorships, or conflicts worldwide, including Europe. Although the ECtHR has yet to review amnesties/pardons directly, it has increasingly decided on the effects of amnesties/pardons on the rights of individuals. Thus, the main research question herein is to identify which factors may determine whether and to what extent the ECtHR defers to states regarding amnesties/pardons in cases of serious human rights violations, namely, factors concerning or affecting the degree of ECtHR’s deference to states in these cases. Based on ECtHR’s jurisprudence on amnesties/pardons, this article a…
Reflections on conspicuous sustainability: Creating Small Island Dependent States (SIDS) through Ostentatious Development Assistance (ODA)?
2020
Abstract It is frequently noted that small islands, including Small Island Developing States (SIDS), receive hugely disproportionate levels of aid or official development assistance (ODA) relative to other states and territories. However, the precise relationship between 'islandness' and aid remains underexamined. This paper uses the concept of 'conspicuous sustainability' as a framework for understanding the propensity for aid to be directed toward small island territories. We argue (1) that aid donors have reasons for preferring engagement in development projects that are particularly conspicuous, irrespective of actual development outcomes and (2) that small island territories are except…
Evolution of the Defense Integration in Europe
2020
The notion of a defense Union has been played with since the beginning of the European integration. Despite hardships in deepening the integration further from that of the economy, the European Union has taken some significant steps regarding foreign and security policy from the early 1990’s to this day. Especially the last months’ implications concerning Permanent Structured Cooperation have brought the Union ever so closer to an effective defense union with a common military. However, all of the decision making concerning European Union foreign and security policy is based on the principles of intergovernmental-ism and consequently, the effectiveness of a potential European Defense Union …
The origin of slow electron recombination processes in dye-sensitized solar cells with alumina barrier coatings
2004
We investigate the effect of a thin alumina coating of nanocrystalline TiO2 films on recombination dynamics of dye-sensitized solar cells. Both coated and uncoated cells were measured by a combination of techniques: transient absorption spectroscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and open-circuit voltage decay. It is found that the alumina barrier reduces the recombination of photoinjected electrons to both dye cations and the oxidized redox couple. It is proposed that this observed retardation can be attributed primarily to two effects: almost complete passivation of surface trap states in TiO2 that are able to inject electrons to acceptor species, and slowing down by a factor of…
Modified Landau levels, damped harmonic oscillator and two-dimensional pseudo-bosons
2010
In a series of recent papers one of us has analyzed in some details a class of elementary excitations called {\em pseudo-bosons}. They arise from a special deformation of the canonical commutation relation $[a,a^\dagger]=\1$, which is replaced by $[a,b]=\1$, with $b$ not necessarily equal to $a^\dagger$. Here, after a two-dimensional extension of the general framework, we apply the theory to a generalized version of the two-dimensional Hamiltonian describing Landau levels. Moreover, for this system, we discuss coherent states and we deduce a resolution of the identity. We also consider a different class of examples arising from a classical system, i.e. a damped harmonic oscillator.
Stealing the Monopoly of Knowledge?: Soviet Reactions to U.S. Cold War Broadcasting
2010
Radio Liberty - The Enemy Within? The Dissemination of Western Values through US Cold War Broadcasts
2010
Shell structure and level spacing distribution in metallic clusters
1993
The lattice gas Monte Carlo and tight binding method is used to study the electronic shell structure in large metallic clusters. The average density of states of a large ensemble of deformed clusters shows the same shell structure as the most spherical geometry. The level spacing distribution at the Fermi level is a Wigner distribution.