Search results for "STATES"

New techs, new threats: sfide e opportunità della rivoluzione blockchain

2021

Considering the current diffusion of blockchain technology in the most different fields, ranging from public governance to economics, from contractual applications to health, the contribution addresses the issue of the legal regulation of this new technology, precisely because of its vast applications. From the comparison between the European model and the American one, the approach of the European legislator ‒ despite the delay with which the institutions have addressed the issue, seems to show, as already happened in other areas, a more 'social oriented' perspective and based on a sort of 'democratization' of data compared to the American approach, more ‘business oriented’, where the scho…

Tailoring Third-Harmonic Diffraction Efficiency by Hybrid Modes in High-Q Metasurfaces

2021

Metasurfaces are versatile tools for manipulating light; however, they have received little attention as devices for the efficient control of nonlinearly diffracted light. Here, we demonstrate nonlinear wavefront control through third-harmonic generation (THG) beaming into diffraction orders with efficiency tuned by excitation of hybrid Mie-quasi-bound states in the continuum (BIC) modes in a silicon metasurface. Simultaneous excitation of the high-Q collective Mie-type modes and quasi-BIC modes leads to their hybridization and results in a local electric field redistribution. We probe the hybrid mode by measuring far-field patterns of THG and observe the strong switching between (0,-1) and…

The new world of human genetic technologies: The policy environment and impacts of genetic screening tests

1995

Today it is possible to screen for mutated DNA sequences which do not induce any diseases but predispose to develop diseases under certain environmental condition. These latter disorders are called “multifactorial” since they result from the interplay of genetic and environmental factors. Among multifactorial disorders there are job-related diseases whose genetic component can be identified by genetic screening tests. The use of these tests to predict occupational disorders, to cut down on them, and to save costs—in particular for absenteeism, health care, and lawsuits—is of interest to employers and insurers. As for employees, it could entail an extremely deep invasion of privacy, economic…

Different regulatory models of transfer of industrial property rights in the Baltic States: A plea for harmonized approach

2016

AbstractThe authors explore different models of transfer of industrial property on a comparative basis. The article demonstrates that these models differ on a country level and several models may be in use in one legal system. The authors analyze strengths and weaknesses and legal implications of these models in the three Baltic States both at the regulatory level and at the practical level through case studies. The authors conclude that would be preferable to use the model under which the register is vested with negative publicity and the transfer of ownership of industrial property is not made dependent on its recordation.

Safety Related Behaviors and Law Adherence of Shared E-Scooter Riders in Germany

2021

Shared e-scooters, whose supply and coverage keeps increasing in many cities around the globe, are rapidly changing mobility in urban road environments. As rising injury rates have been observed alongside this new form of mobility, researchers are investigating potential factors that relate to safe/unsafe e-scooter use. In Germany, e-scooter sharing platforms were only recently permitted in the middle of 2019, and their number has increased steadily since then. The aim of this study was to assess key factors that relate to their safe use, through a direct observation of e-scooters conducted at three observation sites around Berlin. Helmet use, dual use, type of infrastructure use, and trave…

Measuring the market power in the ceramic tile industry: An international comparison

2004

This paper measures the degree of competition faced by Spanish and Italian exporters of ceramic tiles in several European Union member states. The results indicate that Spanish producers have a substantial market power while Italian exporters face a high degree of competition. This finding is consistent with the significant gain (loss) in the world production and export shares that Spanish (Italian) producers experienced during the 1990s. The results are also consistent with accounting data. Furthermore, comparisons in the extent of market power across source countries and European destination markets reveal that most variation in the data is related to the source country. JEL no. F12, F14,…

Employee ‘voice’ and working environment in post-communist New Member States: an empirical analysis of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania

2008

This article examines employee ‘voice’ in workplace health and safety in three Baltic New Member States by means of a cross-national survey. The data point to unresolved problems of voice in the context of rather poor working environments. These present opportunities for collective renewal by trade unions, but paradoxically are more likely to be addressed by employers in the context of significant labour shortages created by a post-European Union accession labour ‘exit’.

Tourism Activity of Member States and Romania's Place within the First Five Years after EU Accession

2013

Abstract This paper is a brief statistical analysis of the evolution of tourism in the EU-27 in the first five years after Romania's accession. The analysis was based on official data published by Eurostat regarding the tourist accommodation capacity by categories, the number of arrivals and overnight stays of tourists and non-residents. I highlighted each time Romania's place within Member States, preferring graphics that are more suggestive than synthetic data tables. In conclusions I have highlighted the changes occurred in Romania, far from those expected after five years as a member of the European Union.

Characterization of defect density states in MoOx for c-Si solar cell applications

Layers of MoOx have been deposited by thermal evaporation followed by post-deposition annealing (PDA). The density of states (DOS) distributions of the MoOx films were extracted deconvoluting the absorption spectra, measured by a phothermal deflection spectroscopy setup, including the small polaron contribution. Results revealed a sub-band defect distribution centered 1.1 eV below the conduction band; the amplitude of this distribution was found to increase with PDA temperature and film thickness.

Is the ADA/EASD algorithm for the management of type 2 diabetes (January 2009) based on evidence or opinion? A critical analysis

2010

The ADA and the EASD recently published a consensus statement for the medical management of hyperglycaemia in patients with type 2 diabetes. The authors advocate initial treatment with metformin monotherapy and lifestyle modification, followed by addition of basal insulin or a sulfonylurea if glycaemic goals are not met (tier 1 recommendations). All other glucose-lowering therapies are relegated to a secondary (tier 2) status and only recommended for selected clinical settings. In our view, this algorithm does not offer physicians and patients the appropriate selection of options to individualise and optimise care with a view to sustained control of blood glucose and reduction both of diabe…