Search results for "TOXICITY"
showing 10 items of 2261 documents
Efficacy of three drugs for protecting against gentamicin-induced hair cell and hearing losses
2012
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Exposure to an ototoxic level of an aminoglycoside can result in hearing loss. In this we study investigated the otoprotective efficacy of dexamethasone (DXM), melatonin (MLT) and tacrolimus (TCR) in gentamicin (GM)-treated animals and cultures. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Wistar rats were divided into controls (treated with saline); exposed to GM only (GM); and three GM-exposed groups treated with either DXM, MLT or TCR. Auditory function and cochlear surface preparations were studied. In vitro studies of oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA levels, the MAPK pathway and caspase-3 activation were performed in organ of Corti explants from 3-day-old rats. KEY RESU…
Neurotoxicity and persistent cognitive deficits induced by combined MDMA and alcohol exposure in adolescent rats
2010
Recent trend assessments of drug consumption reveal an increase in the simultaneous use of several drugs at raves, clubs and college settings among youngsters and young adults. We studied in adolescent rats the effects of repeated exposure to cocaine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethanphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy), given alone or in combination with alcohol, on memory performance, adult hippocampal neurogenesis and neurotoxicity. Rats were trained two weeks after the drug treatments in the radial arm maze. The results showed that only rats exposed to combinations of alcohol and MDMA exhibited significant memory deficits. Alcohol, MDMA and combinations thereof significantly decreased 5-bromodeoxyuridin…
N-Acetylcysteine for Preventing Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Injury: A Comprehensive Review.
2022
Aims: N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) is used as an antidote in acetaminophen (APAP) overdose to prevent and mitigate drug-induced liver injury (DILI). Our objective was to systematically review evidence of the use of NAC as a therapeutic option for APAP overdose and APAP-related DILI in order to define the optimal treatment schedule and timing to start treatment.Methods: Bibliographic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and MEDLINE) were searched for retrospective and prospective cohort studies, case series, and clinical trials. The prespecified primary outcomes were DILI-related mortality, hepatotoxicity, and adverse events (AEs).Results: In total, 34 studies of NAC usage in APAP-related DI…
Cytotoxicity of Secondary Metabolites from Dracaena viridiflora Engl & Krause and their Semisynthetic Analogues
2017
The MeOH extract of Dracaena viridiflora was found to display significant cytotoxicity against some cancer cell lines. Systematic phytochemical investigation of this extract led to the isolation and structure elucidation of ten secondary metabolites including five spirostane (1-5) and one furostane (6) steroidal saponins. Furthermore, some acetylated spirostane analogues and three previously unreported derivatives with the 22,26-epoxycholesta-5,22-diene skeleton (15-17) were prepared from trillin (1), prosapogenin A of dioscin (2) and dioscin (4) by reaction with ZnCl 2/Ac 2O. Among the isolated and semisynthetic compounds, dioscin showed the most potent cytotoxicity against A549, Jurkat an…
Standard versus personalized schedule of regorafenib in metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumors: a retrospective, multicenter, real-world study
2021
Background Despite its proven activity as third-line treatment in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST), regorafenib can present a poor tolerability profile which often leads to treatment modifications and transient or permanent discontinuation; thus, in clinical practice physicians usually adopt various dosing and interval schedules to counteract regorafenib-related adverse events and avoid treatment interruption. The aim of this real-world study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of personalized schedules of regorafenib in patients with metastatic GIST, in comparison with the standard schedule (160 mg daily, 3-weeks-on, 1-week-off). Patients and methods Institutional registries a…
Temperature dependence of the toxic effects of phenytoin on peripheral neuromuscular function of the rat tail.
1990
We studied the acute effects of a single dose of phenytoin (250 mg/kg) on peripheral neuromuscular function. The evoked muscle action potentials of the dorsal segmental muscles in the rat tail, and the conduction velocity of the dorsal nerve trunk which innervates them, were measured before and after the intraperitoneal injection of phenytoin. The experiments were performed at different temperatures, 27 (physiological tail temperature), 36 and 37 degrees C (physiological central temperature) in different groups of animals. The amplitudes of the evoked muscle action potentials in the treated groups showed no significant modifications at 27 degrees C, at 36 degrees C a small nonsignificant de…
DNA-binding and in vitro cytotoxic activity of platinum(II) complexes of curcumin and caffeine
2019
Abstract Three Pt(II) complexes containing the natural ligands curcumin and caffeine, namely [Pt(curc)(PPh3)2]Cl (1), [PtCl(curc)(DMSO)] (2) (curc = deprotonated curcumin) and trans-[Pt(caffeine)Cl2(DMSO)] (3), were synthesized and fully characterized. The data obtained suggest that, for both 1 and 2, the anion of curcumin is coordinated to the platinum ion via the oxygen atoms of the β-diketonate moiety. Spectroscopic features reveal that in 2 and 3, a DMSO molecule is S-bonded to the metal centre. For 3, all data indicate a square-planar geometry formed by a 9-N bonded caffeine, two trans chloride anions and a DMSO. The three complexes undergo changes in solution upon incubation for 24 h;…
Calcium- and potassium-permeable plasma membrane transporters are activated by copper inArabidopsisroot tips: linking copper transport with cytosolic…
2012
Transition metals such as copper can interact with ascorbate or hydrogen peroxide to form highly reactive hydroxyl radicals (OH . ), with numerous implications to membrane transport activity and cell metabolism. So far, such interaction was described for extracellular (apoplastic) space but not cytosol. Here, a range of advanced electrophysiological and imaging techniques were applied to Arabidopsis thaliana plants differing in their copper-transport activity: Col-0, high-affinity copper transporter COPT1-overexpressing (C1 OE ) seedlings, and T-DNA COPT1 insertion mutant ( copt1 ). Low Cu concentrations (10 μ m) stimulated a dose-dependent Gd 3+ and verapamil sensitive net Ca 2+ influx in …
Cadmium effects on development and reproduction of Oncopeltus fasciatus (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae)
2004
Newly hatched nymphs of the insect Oncopeltus fasciatus were exposed to various concentrations of CdCl2 administered in drinking water until the end of adult life. Significant nymphal mortalities were observed at concentrations above 30 mg Cd/l (corresponding to the LC50). The duration of the nymphal stages increased in proportion to the Cd concentration; at the lowest Cd concentration of 10 mg Cd/l, the median duration was significantly prolonged by one day, while at the highest concentration of 100 mg Cd/l it was increased by 10 days over the control group. The weight of newly emerged adults lineally decreased with Cd concentration, being reduced to half the weight of controls at 100 mg C…
Sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 inhibitors prevent ponatinib-induced endothelial senescence and disfunction: A potential rescue strategy
2021
Background: Ponatinib (PON), a third-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), has proven cardiovascular toxicity, with no known preventing agents usable to limit such side effect. Sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are a new class of glucose-lowering agents, featuring favorable cardiac and vascular effects. Aims: We assessed the effects of the SGLT2 inhibitors empagliflozin (EMPA) and dapagliflozin (DAPA) on human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) and underlying vasculo-protective mechanisms in an in vitro model of PON-induced endothelial toxicity. Methods and results: We exposed HAECs to PON or vehicle (DMSO) in the presence or absence of EMPA (100 and 500 nmol/L) or …