Search results for "Tobacco smoke"

The independent role of prenatal and postnatal exposure to active and passive smoking on the development of early wheeze in children

2016

Maternal smoking during pregnancy increases childhood asthma risk, but health effects in children of nonsmoking mothers passively exposed to tobacco smoke during pregnancy are unclear. We examined the association of maternal passive smoking during pregnancy and wheeze in children aged ≤2 years.Individual data of 27 993 mother–child pairs from 15 European birth cohorts were combined in pooled analyses taking into consideration potential confounders.Children with maternal exposure to passive smoking during pregnancy and no other smoking exposure were more likely to develop wheeze up to the age of 2 years (OR 1.11, 95% CI 1.03–1.20) compared with unexposed children. Risk of wheeze was further …

Respiratory syncytial virus infection in a Sicilian pediatric population: Risk factors, epidemiology, and severity

2008

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of hospitalization for lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) in young children worldwide. This study evaluated the epidemiological and clinical patterns of RSV infection in infants hospitalized for LRTIs in Sicily. Over a 7-month period (October 1, 2005 to April 30, 2006), all children 6 months old, with a gestational age (GA) of >36 weeks, with a birth weight of >2.50 g, with previous hospitalizations due to LRTI, with smokers in the household, and with a history of breast-feeding (p < 0.05 for each). RSV infection was associated with a higher likelihood to be admitted to neonatal intensive care units and to longer hospitalization…

Prevalence of respiratory syncytial virus infection in Italian infants hospitalized for acute lower respiratory tract infections, and association bet…

2002

This study was designed to collect data on the prevalence of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in Italy in infants hospitalized for lower respiratory tract infections, and to evaluate which of the recognized risk factors might be associated with disease severity. Thirty-two centers throughout Italy participated in the study. Over a 6-month period (November 1,1999 to April 30, 2000), we evaluated all children2 years of age hospitalized for lower respiratory tract infections. All subjects were tested for RSV within 24 hr of hospitalization by using an immuno-enzymatic diagnostic test (Abbott Testpack, RSV). Logistic regression was used to identify the factors that might be associate…

Second-hand smoke exposure in 4-year-old children in Spain: Sources, associated factors and urinary cotinine

2016

Introduction Second-hand smoke exposure (SHS) in children remains as a major pollution problem, with important consequences for children's health. This study aimed to identify the sources of exposure to SHS among 4-year-old children, comparing self-reports to a urinary biomarker of exposure, and characterize the most important variables related to SHS exposure in this population. Methods 4-year-old children's exposure to SHS was assessed by a parental-reported questionnaire and by urinary cotinine (UC) measurements in 1757 participants from 4 different areas of the Spanish INMA (INfancia y Medio Ambiente – Environment and Childhood) Project. The questionnaire about SHS included information …

Secondhand smoke and ischaemic heart disease: demographic characteristic of a worldwide healthcare problem

2019

The association between passive and active tobacco smoke exposure and child weight status among Spanish children

2016

This study was funded by grants from Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Red INMA G03/176, CB06/02/0041), Spanish Ministry of Health (FIS-97/1102, FIS07/0252,FIS-PS09/00362, 97/0588, 00/0021-2, PI061756, PS0901958, PI14/00677 incl. FEDER funds, FIS-PS09/00090, PI041436, FIS-PI042018, FIS-PI06/0867,PI081151 incl. FEDER funds, FIS-PI09/02311, and FIS-PI13/02187 and FIS-FEDER 03/1615, 04/1509, 04/1112, 04/1931, 05/1079, 05/1052, 06/1213, 07/0314, 09/02647, 11/01007, 11/0178, 11/02591, 11/02038, PI12/01890 incl. FEDER funds, 13/1944, 13/2032, FIS-PI13/02429, 14/0891, 14/1687, and CP13/00054 incl. FEDER funds), Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (SAF2012-32991 incl. FEDER funds), CIBERES…

Bronchiolitis: The New American Academy of Pediatrics Guidelines

2008

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is the leading cause of hospitalization for lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) in young children worldwide. RSV is an important cause of LRTI in infants and a variety of factors, such as gender, age at admission, gestational age, birth weight, and exposure to tobacco smoke and breast feeding may affect the prevalence of RSV-related disease and, possibly, the risk of developing asthma-like symptoms during the school years. AAP in 2006 formulated the new guidelines on diagnosis and management of bronchiolitis, giving recommendations on different conditions requesting clinical decisions also in terms of prevention.

Assessment of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in young adolescents following implementation of smoke-free policy in Italy.

2009

We investigated acute and chronic exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in a cohort of young adolescents using urinary cotinine and hair nicotine testing after recent implementation of Italian smoke free legislation. Study subjects were 372 Italian young adolescents, between 10 and 16 years of age from the principal city of Sicily, Palermo. Urine and hair samples were collected between November 2005 and May 2006, when the legislation to ban smoking in all the enclosed places of employment (including bars, restaurants, pubs) was completely enforced. An exhaustive questionnaire including sociodemographic characteristics and active and passive exposure to cigarette smoking was complete…

ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON FRACTIONAL EXHALED NITRIC OXIDE IN ALLERGIC CHILDREN

2011

Fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) is a non-invasive marker of airway inflammation in asthma and respiratory allergy. Environmental factors, especially indoor and outdoor air quality, may play an important role in triggering acute exacerbations of respiratory symptoms. The authors have reviewed the literature reporting effects of outdoor and indoor pollutants on FeNO in children. Although the findings are not consistent, urban and industrial pollution—mainly particles (PM2.5 and PM10), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and sulfur dioxide (SO2)—as well as formaldehyde and electric baseboard heating have been shown to increase FeNO, whilst ozone (O3) tends to decrease it. Among children exposed to …

Asthma and air pollution

2014

During the last decades research all over the world has highlighted the deleterious effects of pollution on respiratory health of adults and children. Nevertheless, air pollution still represents a significant threat to health. Children are more sensitive than adults to pollutants for several factors: increased respiration relative to body size; physiologic immaturity of respiratory and immunologic systems; low metabolic capacity; longer life expectancy. Several studies demonstrated an association between exposure to outdoor pollutants and respiratory diseases in childhood. Outdoor pollutants, such as nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate (PM), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), ozone…