Search results for "Tying"
showing 10 items of 46 documents
Glucagon-like peptide-2 relaxes mouse stomach through vasoactive intestinal peptide release.
2009
Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) influences different aspects of the gastrointestinal function, including epithelial growth, digestion, absorption, motility, and blood flow. Intraluminal pressure from isolated mouse stomach was recorded to investigate whether GLP-2 affects gastric tone and to analyze its mechanism of action. Regional differences between diverse parts of the stomach were also examined using circular muscular strips from fundus and antrum. In the whole stomach, GLP-2 (0.3–100 nM) produced concentration-dependent relaxation with a maximum that was about 75% of relaxation to 1 μM isoproterenol (IC50 = 2.5 nM). This effect was virtually abolished by desensitization of GLP-2 rece…
Guanosine negatively modulates the gastric motor function in mouse
2013
The aim of the present study was to evaluate if guanine-based purines may affect the gastric motor function in mouse. Thus, the influence of guanosine on the gastric emptying rate in vivo was determined and its effects on spontaneous gastric mechanical activity, detected as changes of the intraluminal pressure, were analyzed in vitro before and after different treatments. Gastric gavage of guanosine (1.75-10 mg/kg) delayed the gastric emptying. Guanosine (30 μM-1 mM) induced a concentration-dependent relaxation of isolated stomach, which was not affected by the inhibition of the purine nucleoside phosphorylase enzyme by 4'-deaza-1'-aza-2'-deoxy-1'-(9-methylene)-immucillin-H. The inhibitory …
Food intake in lean and obese mice after peripheral administration of glucagon-like peptide 2
2012
We investigated the potential anorectic action of peripherally administered glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP2) in lean and diet-induced obese (DIO) mice. Mice, fasted for 16 h, were injected i.p. with native GLP2 or [Gly2]GLP2, stable analog of GLP2, before or after GLP2 (3–33), a GLP2 receptor (GLP2R) antagonist, or exendin (9–39), a GLP1R antagonist. Food intake was measured at intervals 1, 2, 4, 8, and 24 h postinjection. In addition, we tested in lean mice the influence of [Gly2]GLP2 on gastric emptying and the effects of GLP1 alone or in combination with [Gly2]GLP2 on food intake. [Gly2]GLP2 dose dependently and significantly inhibited food intake in lean and DIO mice. The reduction of foo…
Gastric evacuation rate of burbot fed single-fish meals at different temperatures
1997
The gastric evacuation rates of burbot Lota lota, fed a single meal of vendace, Coregonus albula, were measured in the laboratory at five temperatures (1·3, 2·6, 4·8, 9·4 and 12·6° C). Gastric evacuation rate increased exponentially with increasing temperatrure, but the results suggest that gastric evacuation rates of burbot at low temperatures are lower than those of other freshwater fish species. Temperature and the ratio of meal weight to burbot weight were the most important factors affecting gastric evacuation rate. There was no significant difference in gastric evacuation rate between three different prey species: vendace, perch Perca fluviatilis, and smelt Osmerus eperlanus.
Improvement of trospium-specific absorption models for fasted and fed states in humans
2014
The purpose of this study was to mechanistically interpret the oral absorption pattern of trospium in fasted and fed states by means of gastrointestinal simulation technology. A drug absorption model was built on the basis of experimental data. According to the generated model, low permeability across the intestinal epithelium, delayed gastric emptying time and a prolonged residence time in the small intestine are the key factors governing trospium absorption in the fasted state. Furthermore, in silico modelling provided a plausible explanation of the pronounced reduction in the oral bioavailability of trospium when administered with food. The simulation results support the decreased dissol…
Conclusion: Tying It All Together
2018
In this last section of the book, I will try and tie all the earlier discussions together. Expanding on the previous sections, I conclude that from the three concepts, the first is of most importance—the internal dynamics of the music industries. The concept has significant explanatory power as a factor on its own, as well as having significant impact on the two other factors. The internal structures and the (dysfunctional) nature of the music industries clearly create internal frustrations and external hostility. And more importantly, it seems to prevent the music industries from acting on the digital potential that appears.
Airline Loyalty Determinants among Business Travelers: Empirical Evidence from Croatia
2017
AbstractAirline passenger loyalty has been the subject of several studies set within a general travel context. These studies have helped understanding the influence of variables like brand equity, airline service levels, customer commitment, but also price in tying a passenger to a particular airline. Despite the great economic importance of the business traveler market, no study has, however, so far, exclusively focused on this traveler segment and tried to investigate drivers of repurchase intentions and loyalty of this specific traveler type. This study aims to address this research gap. The findings reveal that business passenger loyalty is far stronger driven by emotional than rational…
Monitoring of Enzyme Substitution Using the Cholesteryl Octanoate Breath Test
1991
The efficiency of enzyme replacement therapy in pancreatic insufficiency is usually judged on the grounds of clinical improvement and the effect on steatorrhea: treatment is thought to be successful if steatorrhea is abolished or, at least, reduced. In the majority of patients, the amount of enzyme necessary to alleviate steatorrhea can be reduced if lipase is protected against acidic inactivation either by blocking H2 secretion of the stomach or by protecting enzymes by pH-sensitive enteric coating. However, steatorrhea is frequently not abolished and a differential treatment may be necessary in each patient.
Changes in gallbladder motor function during the female cycle — a risk factor leading to gallstone formation?
1982
The gallbladder volume of eight women with stable cycles was determined by sonography. Furthermore, gallbladder contraction — following an orally administered fatty meal and the spontaneous refilling of the empty gallbladder — was quantitatively examined. The formula of a rotation ellipsoid, which has been proven to be adequately accurate in in vitro studies, was used for calculating the gallbladder volume. In the gestagen phase (21st or 22nd day) the intraindividual studies showed greater fasting volumes, higher residual volumes after contraction, slower gallbladder emptying, and retarded refilling of the empty gallbladder as compared to the estrogen phase (12th or 13th day). The hormonall…
Unpredictable Performance of pH-Dependent Coatings Accentuates the Need for Improved Predictive in Vitro Test Systems.
2017
First introduced in the second half of the 19th century, enteric coatings are commonly used to protect acid-labile drugs, reduce the risk of gastric side effects due to irritating drugs, or for local drug delivery to the lower gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The currently available enteric-coatings are based on pH-sensitive weakly acidic polymers. Despite the long history of their use, the causes behind their performance often being unpredictable have not been properly investigated with most of the attention being focused only on the gastric emptying. However, little attention has been given to the postgastric emptying disintegration and dissolution of these dosage forms. This lack of attentio…