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Inhibitory Activity of Shrimp Waste Extracts on Fungal and Oomycete Plant Pathogens
2021
(1) Background: This study was aimed at determining the in vitro inhibitory effect of new natural substances obtained by minimal processing from shrimp wastes on fungi and oomycetes in the genera Alternaria, Colletotrichum, Fusarium, Penicillium, Plenodomus and Phytophthora
In vivo toxicity studies of fusarium mycotoxins in the last decade: a review.
2015
This review summarizes the information regarding the in vivo studies of Fusarium mycotoxins in the last decade. The most common studies are classified as subacute toxicity, subchronic toxicity, acute toxicity, toxicokinetic studies and teratogenicity in order of importance. The most used animals in in vivo studies are pigs, rats, chickens and mice. Fumonisin B1, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, nivalenol and T-2 toxin are the most studied fusarotoxins. Studies with combinations of mycotoxins are also frequent, deoxynivalenol generally being one of them. The predominant route of administration is oral, administered mostly in the form of naturally contaminated feed. Other administration routes al…
Occurrence and co-occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxins in wheat grains and wheat flour from Romania
2017
Abstract In this study, the presence of fourteen Fusarium mycotoxins, legislated by the European Union – deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, HT-2 and T-2 toxins (EC/1881/2006; 2013/165/EU), or non-legislated (five trichothecens and five “emerging” mycotoxins), was evaluated in 31 whole unprocessed wheat samples and 35 white wheat flour samples from different areas of Romania. For this purpose, a validated multi-mycotoxins liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method was applied. Seventy three percent of the analyzed samples contained at least one mycotoxin. The highest occurrence was for enniatin B, 71% of the analyzed samples being positive (21–407 μg kg−1). Regarding the legislated myco…
Fusaristatins D–F and (7S,8R)-(−)-chlamydospordiol from Fusarium sp. BZCB-CA, an endophyte of Bothriospermum chinense
2021
Abstract Three new lipodepsipeptides, fusaristatins D–F (1–3) and a new α-pyrone derivative, (7S,8R)-(−)-chlamydospordiol (5), together with eight known compounds (4, 6–12) were obtained from solid rice cultures of Fusarium sp. BZCB-CA, an endophyte of the Chinese medicinal plant, Bothriospermum chinense. The planar structures of the new metabolites (1–3, 5) were established by spectroscopic techniques (1D/2D NMR and HRESIMS). Marfey’s method was applied to determine the absolute configuration of 1, while the absolute configuration of 5 was determined by single-crystal X-ray crystallography analysis in addition to Mosher’s method. Crystallographic data of inflatin C (7) are also supplied he…
Presence of Fusarium emerging mycotoxins in tiger-nuts commercialized in Spain
2012
Abstract Tiger-nuts are tubers from the plant Cyperus esculentus which are commercialized in some regions of West and Central Africa, USA and Spain. These tubers have a high microbial charge such as bacteria, moulds and yeasts which could remain until the finished product. In this study we examined 47 samples of tiger-nut tubers purchased from Spanish supermarkets for contamination with the emerging Fusarium mycotoxins: Enniatins ENs (EN A, EN A1, EN B and EN B1), beauvericin (BEA) and fusaproliferin (FUS). The extraction of the samples was carried out with methanol using an Ultraturrax homogenizer. Mycotoxins were analyzed with a liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to a diode array detector…
Nuts and dried fruits: Natural occurrence of emerging Fusarium mycotoxins
2013
Abstract The occurrence of enniatins (ENs) and beauvericin (BEA) in nuts, dried fruits and dates available in Valencia (Spain) was surveyed in this study. To do this, seventy-four samples of nuts, dried fruits and dates were analyzed for the determination of mycotoxin contamination. Mycotoxins were identified and quantified using an ultrasonic-C18 extraction and LC–MS/MS with a triple quadrupole (QqQ) mass analyzer. The frequencies of contamination of nuts, shell, dried fruits and dates were 50%, 80%, 35.7% and 83.3%, respectively. Enniatin A (ENA) was the most predominant EN found in nuts (45.2%) while ENB was the most common EN found in dates (58.3%). The analytical results of the shell s…
Antibacterial activity of the emerging Fusarium mycotoxins enniatins A, A1, A2, B, B1, and B4 on probiotic microorganisms
2014
Abstract Enniatins (ENs) are secondary metabolites produced by several Fusarium strains, chemically characterized as N-methylated cyclohexadepsipeptides. These compounds are known to act as antifungal and antibacterial agents, but they also possess anti-insect and phytotoxic properties. In this study, the antimicrobial effect of pure fractions of the bioactive compounds ENs A, A 1 , A 2 , B, B 1 , and B 4 was tested towards nine probiotic microrganisms, twenty-two Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains and nine Bacillus subtilis strains. Antimicrobial analyses were carried out the disc-diffusion method using ENs concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 20,000 ng. Plates were incubated for 24 h at 37 °C…
Antifungal activity of gaseous allyl, benzyl and phenyl isothiocyanate in vitro and their use for fumonisins reduction in bread
2013
Abstract Fumonisins (FBs) are toxins produced mainly by the molds Fusarium verticillioides (synonym Fusarium moniliforme ) and Fusarium proliferatum . These mycotoxins are contaminants of wheat, maize, maize-based foods and other grains worldwide. FB 1 , the most abundant and toxic metabolite, is known to cause a range of species-specific toxic responses. It has been associated with a high incidence of esophageal cancer in the Transkei region of South Africa and some provinces of China. In addition, FB 1 has been declared a class 2B carcinogen or “possibly carcinogenic to humans”. Isothiocyanates (ITCs) are natural compounds produced by enzymatic conversion of metabolites called glucosinola…
Reduction of the enniatins A, A1, B, B1 by an in vitro degradation employing different strains of probiotic bacteria: Identification of degradation p…
2013
Abstract The degradation of the Fusarium mycotoxins ENs by 9 bacterial strains characteristic of the gastrointestinal tract like Bb. longum , Bb. bifidum , Bb. breve , Bb. adolescentes , Lb. rhamnosus , Lb. casei–casei , S. termofilus , Lb. ruminis , Lb. casei and twenty two strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was studied. The fermentations were carried out in the liquid medium of De Man Rogosa Sharpe (MRS) under anaerobic conditions for Bifidobacteria Streptococcus and Lactobacillus, and in Potato Dextrose Broth (PDB) for Saccharomyces strains, during 48 h. The degradation of the bioactive compounds ENs was also studied in a food system composed by wheat flour naturally contaminated by ENs…
Determination of Fusarium mycotoxins enniatins, beauvericin and fusaproliferin in cereals and derived products from Tunisia
2011
Abstract In this study, 51 samples of cereals (wheat, Barley, maize and Sorghum) and by-products (mainly pasta and couscous) purchased from Tunisian supermarkets were examined for contamination with the emerging Fusarium mycotoxins: Enniatins ENs (EN A, EN A 1 , EN B and EN B 1 ), beauvericin (BEA) and fusaproliferin (FUS). The extraction of the samples was performed with methanol using an Ultra-turrax homogenizer. Mycotoxins were analyzed with a liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to a diode array detector (DAD). The frequencies of contamination of total samples with ENs were 96%. EN A 1 was the most common EN found with the highest prevalence of 92.1%, levels ranged between 11.1 and 480 mg…