Search results for "Vegetal Biology"
showing 10 items of 1601 documents
Development of a new functional marker for β-triketone herbicides exposure in agricultural soils
2018
The β-triketone herbicides are maize selective herbicides that have been largely applied in replacement of atrazine, banned in Europe in 2003. Their mode of action lays on the inhibition of the p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD), a key enzyme of the carotenoid biosynthesis. In recent studies, we showed that within the soil bacterial community, many microorganisms possess a functional HPPD enzyme involved in tyrosine metabolism. These “non-target organisms” harbor the target of the β-triketone herbicides and consequently may be affected in response to its exposure. Within this context, the objective of our work is to check for the interest of hppd bacterial community as a marker of e…
Discrimination génétique de clones de Pinot Noir et de Chardonnay par marquage microsatellite
2013
National audience; Face aux difficultés d’améliorer la traçabilité des clones, nous avons exploré la possibilité d’utiliser des marqueurs neutres tels que les marqueurs microsatellites pour discriminer des clones de vigne. Les marqueurs microsatellites ont été choisis pour leurs caractères mono-locus, co-dominants et faciles à développer. Il sont ainsi permis de caractériser une collection de clones Pinot Noir et de Chardonnay. Cette collection de 82 clones est composée d’un clone de Gamay constituant la référence extérieure définissant l’enracinement de l’arbre phylogénétique, 48 clones de Pinot Noir et 33 clones de Chardonnay. Cette collection est constituée de clones agrées, de clones is…
Weed flora evolution in direct seeding under cover systems
2018
Direct seeding under cover, by its emergent properties, raises new questions of research on weed communities. The absence of soil disturbance and the implementation of cover crops, modify all factors of conventional agriculture and lead to a complete change of habitat for and management of the weed flora. In addition, these systems allow the development of a certain number of animal communities that interact with one another and with plant communities and thus potentially promote the regulations expected in Agroecology. Finally, there is the issue of annual weed species diversity in systems where tillage is strongly reduced. This thesis, started in November 2017, has as main objective to pr…
Weed flora evolution in direct seeding under cover systems
2019
Since the beginning of agriculture, farmers have been working the soil to produce. With the apparition of mechanization (development of plow coupled to tractors in the early 20th century), this practice has intensified and widespread on all farms. However, in France, since the 2000s, more and more farmers are questioning the utility of working the soil to produce. A new form of agriculture has appeared; the direct seeding under cover which groups together a set of cropping systems that meet certain requirements: no tillage, maximum vegetation cover and diversified rotation. By its emergent properties, this new form of agriculture raises new questions of research that mobilize both agronomy …
« Messicoles » : conservation des plantes messicoles dans les parcelles cultivées : caractérisation des systèmes de cultures favorables, rôles foncti…
2013
Segetal plants, or “messicoles” as they are known in French, are weedy inhabitants of wheat crops (mainly winter cereals). The national list of segetal species includes 102 taxa; of which 7 are extinct, 52 threatened, 30 to be kept under close observation and 12 abundant. Data on their distribution indicates that they are mostly in decline. As their survival is intrinsically linked to farming systems, we need to improve knowledge on their relationships with land management in order to establish a sound scientific basis for protection tools, to support and guide farmer conservation measures and to disseminate concerns for segetal biodiversity to agro-environmental policymakers. We propose to…
Principaux processus impliqués dans l'atténuation naturelle des pesticides par les sols
2018
Prod 2018-253e EA BIOmE INRA; National audience
Importance de la biodiversité microbienne des sols dans la transition Agroécologique
2019
Linking microbial diversity and ecosystem functioning: The nitrogen cycle example
2014
Microbial communities have a central role in ecosystem processes by driving the Earth’s biogeochemical cycles. However, the importance of microbial diversity for ecosystem functioning is still debated. While functional trait-based approaches are commonly used for at least two decades in microbiology, most microbial diversity studies are still carried out with the rRNA genes. This talk will show how metagenomic approaches targeting microbial guilds involved in nitrogen cycling can help bridging microbial community ecology and ecosystem processes in terrestrial environments.
Compréhension et valorisation des interactions entre plantes et microorganismes telluriques : un enjeu majeur en agroécologie
2015
National audience; La libération d’une part significative des produits de photosynthèse de la plante sous forme de rhizodépôts constitue une source majeure de composés organiques pour la microflore hétérotrophe du sol qui est principalement en état de stase du fait de la forte compétition nutritionnelle régnant au niveau du sol. Parmi l’immense biodiversité tellurique, la plante sélectionne des populations particulières bien adaptées à l’environnement rhizosphérique et qui diffèrent selon le génotype de la plante. Cette sélection repose sur l’aptitude des populations microbiennes à tirer au mieux profit des composés organiques libérés, mais également sur une signalisation moléculaire à l’or…