Search results for "atmospheric pressure"

Background radioactivity in the scaler mode technique of the Argo-YBJ detector

2011

""ARGO-YBJ is an extensive air shower detector located at the Yangbajing Cosmic Ray Laboratory (4300 ma.s.l., 606 g cm^−2 atmospheric depth, Tibet, China).. It is made by a single layer of Resistive Plate Chambers. (RPCs, total surface ~ 6700 m^2) grouped into 153 units. called “clusters”. The low energy threshold of the experiment is obtained using the ”scaler operation mode”, counting all the particles hitting the detector without reconstruction of the shower size and arrival direction. For each cluster the signals generated by these particles are put in coincidence in a narrow time window (150 ns) and read by four independent. scaler channels, giving the counting rates of channel. >= 1, …

The RICH counter in the CERN hyperon beam experiment

1992

Abstract The hyperon beam experiment WA89 at the CERN-SPS uses a ring imaging Cherenkov counter (RICH) for identification of secondaries from ∑ − N reactions. Cherenkov photons are generated in a 5 m long radiator volume filled with nitrogen at atmospheric pressure and detected in drift chambers. The drift chambers cover an active surface of 1.6 × 0.75 m 2 , with a maximum drift path of 41 cm. Photoelectrons are counted on 1280 wires with a pitch of 2.54 mm, equipped with multihit TDCs. The counting gas is ethane saturated with TMAE at 30°C. The counter was operated in two beam periods in 1990 and 1991. The spatial resolution of the chambers is better than 2 mm and under normal running cond…

Effect of air pressure on the electro-generation of H2O2 and the abatement of organic pollutants in water by electro-Fenton process

2015

Abstract The electro-generation of H 2 O 2 and the abatement of the model organic pollutant Acid Orange 7 (AO7) in water by an electro-Fenton process were performed under moderate air pressures (up to 11 bar) for the first time to our knowledge. An increase of the pressure gave rise to a drastic enhancement of the concentration of hydrogen peroxide. In systems pressurized with air at 11 bar, the electro reduction of oxygen at a graphite cathode gave rise to a concentration of H 2 O 2 of about 12 mM, about one order of magnitude higher than that achieved at atmospheric pressure. This result is attributed to the mass transfer intensification induced by the higher local concentration of molecu…

Effect of air pressure on the electro-Fenton process at carbon felt electrodes

2018

Abstract The effect of air pressure on electro-Fenton (PrEF process) was evaluated using two organic substances (maleic acid and Acid Orange 7) as model organic pollutants. First experiments were performed using a conventional carbon felt (CF) cathode. At room pressure, a slow removal of maleic acid was obtained, together with the generation of formic acid. Conversely, using pressurized air, the removal of maleic acid was dramatically accelerated and the formation of formic acid was not detected. The utilization of a carbon felt modified by the deposition of carbon black + PTFE mixture (MCF) and of pressurized air allowed to achieve even faster and almost total (>95%) removal of total organ…

Transition probabilities for BrII lines emitted from a wall-stabilized cascade arc

2000

Abstract Absolute transition probabilities of the eleven Br II lines were measured in emission. A plasma created in a wall-stabilized arc at atmospheric pressure in the mixture of argon and bromine vapors was used as the excitation source. The relative transition probabilities were converted to an absolute scale based on a lifetime value measured by the electron impact method. The results were compared with experimental data. Discrepancies have been found to be outside the experimental uncertainties.

Spin crossover behavior under pressure of Fe(PM-L)2(NCS)2 compounds with substituted 2′-pyridylmethylene 4-anilino ligands

1998

Abstract New iron(II) spin crossover systems with large aromatic ligands, based on 2′-pyridylmethylene 4-anilino units, have been synthesized and studied. The whole range of spin crossover behavior has been observed, starting from pure high-spin to more or less complete gradual transitions and finally to discontinuous type transitions with both small and large hysteresis. Magnetic measurements under pressure have revealed that two of the compounds exhibit pressure-induced new phases with larger hysteresis than at atmospheric pressure. For one of the compounds the formation of this new phase is irreversible and the hysteresis width is ∼100 K, as compared to 37 K before applying pressure.

Reflux reactions for chromatography

1976

Reactions under pressure are mainly used to prepare derivatives before chromatographic analysis because of the lack of microequipment. A ml-refluxer has been designed to allow reactions under atmospheric pressure for volumes from 0.2 to 5 cm3. The reaction temperature is determined by the boiling point of the solvent thus derivatives of heat sensitive compounds can be made in the micro scale. With the aid of the ml-refluxer large series of derivatisations can be carried out and hence the reaction parameters can be optimized. This is shown at the example of the alkylation of barbituric acids for gas chromatography, where thus only N,N′-derivatives were obtained. The reliability of the appara…

Structure and diffusion of oxygen and silicon interstitials in silicon

1999

Abstract Ab initio quantum chemical simulation of silicon interstitials and oxygen-related defects Oi, V–O2, and V–O4 in oxygen-containing silicon was performed using the embedded molecular cluster model. The defect geometry and electronic structure were studied. The migration activation energy for Oi defect was estimated as 2.73 eV at the atmospheric pressure, and 2.70, 2.68, and 1.92 eV for the lattice compressed by 0.25, 0.37, or 5.0 per cent, respectively. The activation energy of silicon interstitial is not changing with pressure. The molecular cluster used to simulate V–O4 defect with C2v symmetry was shown to have only slight deviation from D2d at atmospheric pressure, a strong devia…

1985

Using a self-constructed light scattering apparatus, the pressure dependence of the demixing temperature of solutions of PVC 20 000, PVC 37 000 and PVC 70 000 in THE/water was determined up to 1 000 bar for different compositions of the mixed solvent. (The numbers in the codes of the PVC specimens are their approximate molecular weights.) In contrast to the thetasolvents o-xylene and phenetole, the solubility decreases with increasing pressure for all molecular weights and compositions under investigation typically by about 1 K/100 bar. The evaluation of the experimental findings demonstrates that the volume fraction of the nonsolvent in the mixed solvent, φ, is the variable that governs ph…

Challenges in the atmospheric characterization for the retrieval of spectrally resolved fluorescence and PRI region dynamics from space

2021

Abstract In the coming years, Earth Observation missions like the FLuorescence EXplorer (FLEX) will acquire the radiance signal from the visible to the near-infrared at a very high spectral resolution, enabling exciting prospects for new insights in satellite-based photosynthetic studies. In this context, the process of de-coupling atmospheric and vegetation-related spectral signatures will become essential to guarantee a reliable estimation of the vegetation photosynthetic activity from space. Dynamic changes related to the vegetation photosynthetic status result in subtle contributions to the top of atmosphere radiance signal, e.g. due to the emission of the solar-induced chlorophyll fluo…