Search results for "aversion"
showing 10 items of 181 documents
Social information use about novel aposematic prey is not influenced by a predator’s previous experience with toxins
2019
Aposematism is an effective antipredator strategy. However, the initial evolution and maintenance of aposematism are paradoxical because conspicuous prey are vulnerable to attack by naive predators. Consequently, the evolution of aposematic signal mimicry is also difficult to explain. The cost of conspicuousness can be reduced if predators learn about novel aposematic prey by observing another predator's response to that same prey. On the other hand, observing positive foraging events might also inform predators about the presence of undefended mimics, accelerating predation on both mimics and their defended models. It is currently unknown, however, how personal and social information combi…
Manufacturing Risk Identification in the Steel Industry
2020
The steel manufacturing industry is an inseparable part of the nuclear power plant construction project. This industry is a business full of dynamics, risks, and challenges. The implementation of risk management becomes an obligation that must be executed in managing this very complex project. In general, risk management in manufacturing includes steps to understand and identify potential problems that may occur, evaluate, monitor, and handle risks. The main risk management objectives are to prevent or minimize adverse effects due to unforeseen events through risk aversion or preparation of contingency plans related to those risks. This paper describes the identification of risk factors and…
Taste perception and its effects on oral nutritional supplements in younger life phases.
2018
Purpose of review The current review summarizes the importance of taste perception with regard to acceptance of oral nutritional supplements (ONS) in young children. We also shed light on how basic tastes may influence the orosensory detection of ONS in the light of genetic variations, encoding for different taste modalities, particularly for sweet and bitter (and fat), in children. Recent findings Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of bitter and sweet taste receptor genes, that is, respectively, TAS2R38 and T1R2/T1R3, may influence orosensory perception of ‘bitter-made-sweet’ ONS. The SNP of fat taste receptor gene, that is, CD36, might communicate with bitter taste perception. The emerg…
Octopamine Shifts the Behavioral Response From Indecision to Approach or Aversion in Drosophila melanogaster
2018
Animals must make constant decisions whether to respond to external sensory stimuli or not to respond. The activation of positive and/or negative reinforcers might bias the behavioral response towards approach or aversion. To analyze whether the activation of the octopaminergic neurotransmitter system can shift the decision between two identical odor sources, we active in Drosophila melanogaster different sets of octopaminergic neurons using optogenetics and analyze the choice of the flies using a binary odor trap assay. We show that the release of octopamine from a set of neurons and not acetylcholine acts as positive reinforcer for one food odor source resulting in attraction. The activat…
Limiting Auditor Liability? - Experimental Evidence on Risk and Ambiguity Attitudes under Real Losses
2009
This paper is motivated by the current debate on limiting auditor liability. In a laboratory experiment, the effect of limited versus unlimited liability on behavior under risk and ambiguity is investigated for risks involving small probabilities. The amount of liability is manipulated in such a way that subjects can pay with their show-up fee under limited liability, but they can suffer out-of-pocket losses under unlimited liability. Findings are that both risk aversion and ambiguity aversion are higher under unlimited liability than under limited liability, and these two constructs are correlated under unlimited liability. These findings provide new empirical evidence for the intuition th…
Adherence
2016
Non-adherence to medical advice is a serious problem to patients, health policy and practitioners. This article outlines concepts of behavioral economics that might lead a patient to decide against the provider's recommendations and thus to be non-adherent. Especially the timing of pay-offs and dynamic inconsistency, their uncertainty and ambiguity aversion, loss-aversion and numerous heuristics like the peak-end-rule are discussed. The paper concludes with some hints on “libertarian” paternalism that may improve the situation.
How Bonus Deferral Changes Risk Taking
2012
We characterize continuous-time risk taking and show that the introduction of deferral increases risk taking at any time when the realized asset value is large or small. For realized asset values in-between we derive the parameterizations of deferral for which risk taking decreases and discuss trade-offs in setting the deferral parameters.
Does bonus deferral reduce risk-taking?
2015
AbstractThe common thinking that deferring bonus payments makes an agent more risk averse isfalse. We characterize continuous-time risk taking and show that the introduction of deferralincreases risk taking at any time when the realized asset value is large or small. For realizedasset values in-between we characterize the parameterizations of deferral for which risk tak-ing decreases and discuss trade-offs in setting the deferral parameters.Keywordsbonus, risk taking, risk aversion, deferral ratioJEL Classi cationG28, G38 ∗ This paper circulated previously under the title \Bonus Deferral Does Not Choke Excessive Risk Taking."We are grateful for comments and suggestions from seminar participa…
Portfolio performance evaluation with loss aversion
2011
In this paper we consider a loss-averse investor equipped with a specific, but still quite general, utility function motivated by behavioral finance. We show that, under certain concrete assumptions concerning the form of this utility, one can derive closed-form solutions for the investor's portfolio performance measure. We investigate the effects of loss aversion and demonstrate its important role in performance measurement. The framework presented in this paper also provides a sound theoretical foundation for all known performance measures based on partial moments of the distribution.
Thinking of future as an older individual increases perceived risks for age‐related diseases but not for COVID‐19
2022
Actively thinking of one's future as an older individual could increase perceived risk and risk aversion. This could be particularly relevant for COVID-19, if we consider the common representation of the risk of being infected by COVID-19 as associated with being older. Increased perceived risk could bear consequences on the adoption of preventive behaviours. Thus, we investigated whether increasing the salience of individuals' future as an older adult would impact on their perceived risk for COVID-19 and medical conditions varying for age-relatedness. One hundred and forty-four Italian adults (Mage = 27.72, range: 18–56) were randomly assigned to either a future as older adult thinking or …