Search results for "bottom-up"
showing 10 items of 71 documents
Swarming : An Investigation Practice Supporting a Bottom-up Ecological Transition
2022
Dans cet article, nous rendons compte des pratiques d’essaimage d’initiatives locales de transition portées par des collectifs citoyens et associatifs en région Bourgogne Franche-Comté. L’essaimage, défini comme une façon d’enquêter pour agir, caractérise un « activisme environnemental du faire » qui se structure de manière réticulaire et translocale. Ces multiples initiatives qui font des gestes du quotidien un levier de transformation écologique s’activent avec ou sans les institutions territoriales. Celles-ci, indépendamment de l’écho qu’elles renvoient à ces expérimentations, sont interpellées dans leur manière de concevoir l’action publique sous contrainte écologique forte.
Does Top-Down Feedback Modulate the Encoding of Orthographic Representations During Visual-Word Recognition?
2016
Abstract. In masked priming lexical decision experiments, there is a matched-case identity advantage for nonwords, but not for words (e.g., ERTAR-ERTAR < ertar-ERTAR; ALTAR-ALTAR = altar-ALTAR). This dissociation has been interpreted in terms of feedback from higher levels of processing during orthographic encoding. Here, we examined whether a matched-case identity advantage also occurs for words when top-down feedback is minimized. We employed a task that taps prelexical orthographic processes: the masked prime same-different task. For “same” trials, results showed faster response times for targets when preceded by a briefly presented matched-case identity prime than when preceded by …
Cross-linguistic variation in the neurophysiological response to semantic processing: Evidence from anomalies at the borderline of awareness
2014
The N400 event-related brain potential (ERP) has played a major role in the examination of how the human brain processes meaning. For current theories of the N400, classes of semantic inconsistencies which do not elicit N400 effects have proven particularly influential. Semantic anomalies that are difficult to detect are a case in point ("borderline anomalies", e.g. "After an air crash, where should the survivors be buried?"), engendering a late positive ERP response but no N400 effect in English (Sanford, Leuthold, Bohan, & Sanford, 2011). In three auditory ERP experiments, we demonstrate that this result is subject to cross-linguistic variation. In a German version of Sanford and colleagu…
Fabrication and Characterization of Double- and Single-Clamped CuO Nanowire Based Nanoelectromechanical Switches
2021
Electrostatically actuated nanoelectromechanical (NEM) switches hold promise for operation with sharply defined ON/OFF states, high ON/OFF current ratio, low OFF state power consumption, and a compact design. The present challenge for the development of nanoelectromechanical system (NEMS) technology is fabrication of single nanowire based NEM switches. In this work, we demonstrate the first application of CuO nanowires as NEM switch active elements. We develop bottom-up and top-down approaches for NEM switch fabrication, such as CuO nanowire synthesis, lithography, etching, dielectrophoretic alignment of nanowires on electrodes, and nanomanipulations for building devices that are suitable f…
Bottom-up realization and electrical characterization of a graphene-based device.
2016
We propose a bottom-up procedure to fabricate an easy-to-engineer graphene-based device, consisting of a microstrip-like circuit where few-layer graphene nanoplatelets are used to contact two copper electrodes. The graphene nanoplatelets are obtained by the microwave irradiation of intercalated graphite, i.e., an environmentally friendly, fast and low-cost procedure. The contact is created by a bottom-up process, driven by the application of a DC electrical field in the gap between the electrodes, yielding the formation of a graphene carpet. The electrical resistance of the device has been measured as a function of the gap length and device temperature. The possible use of this device as a …
The complexity of graph languages generated by hyperedge replacement
1990
Although in many ways, hyperedge replacement graph grammars (HRGs) are, among all graph generating mechanisms, what context-free Chomsky grammars are in the realm of string rewriting, their parsing problem is known to be, in general, NP-complete. In this paper, the main difficulty in HRG parsing is analysed and some conditions on either grammar or input graphs are developed under which parsing can be done in polynomial time. For some of the cases, the parsing problem is shown to be log-space reducible to context-free string parsing.
Rajallinen työmuisti S2-oppijoiden puheenymmärtämisvaikeuksien selittäjänä
2019
Tässä artikkelissa käsittelen työmuistin rajallisuuden ja aikuisten suomenoppijoiden puheenymmärtämisvaikeuksien yhteyttä tarkastelemalla oppijoiden kuuntelutehtäväsuorituksia ja niitä seuraavia stimulated recall -haastatteluja. Lisäksi selvitän, millaisilla muistitoiminnoilla oppijat kompensoivat työmuistin rajallisuutta ja helpottavat ymmärtämistä. Tutkimukseen osallistui 12 arabiankielistä alkeis- ja perustason aikuista suomenoppijaa, ja aineisto koostuu oppijoiden kuuntelutehtäväsuoritusten ja stimulated recall -haastattelujen videotallenteista. Työmuistin rajallisuuden vaikutus ymmärtämisvaikeuksissa tuli esiin erityisesti silloin, kun yhteen sanaan tai ilmaukseen keskittyminen aiheutt…
Bottom-up construction of dynamic density functional theories for inhomogeneous polymer systems from microscopic simulations
2020
We propose and compare different strategies to construct dynamic density functional theories (DDFTs) for inhomogeneous polymer systems close to equilibrium from microscopic simulation trajectories. We focus on the systematic construction of the mobility coefficient, $\Lambda(r,r')$, which relates the thermodynamic driving force on monomers at position $r'$ to the motion of monomers at position $r$. A first approach based on the Green-Kubo formalism turns out to be impractical because of a severe plateau problem. Instead, we propose to extract the mobility coefficient from an effective characteristic relaxation time of the single chain dynamic structure factor. To test our approach, we study…
Microfluidics and Macromolecules: Top-Down Analytics and Bottom-Up Engineering of Soft Matter at Small Scales
2016
Microfluidics is the art of creating and manipulating small portions of fluids. A typical variant of this art is fluid transport within small channels, either in form of laminar co-flow of miscible streams or in form of segmented-flow dripping and jetting of immiscible streams. Either method provides means to expose components of interest to defined local conditions such as spatially controlled concentration profiles that could not be established without the microfluidic auxiliaries. This ability renders microfluidics uniquely useful as both a method for advanced analytics and synthesis. This article sheds a spotlight on the use and utility of this method in macromolecular chemistry and phy…
Evaluation of FASP, SP3, and iST Protocols for Proteomic Sample Preparation in the Low Microgram Range
2017
Efficient and reproducible sample preparation is a prerequisite for any robust and sensitive quantitative bottom-up proteomics workflow. Here, we performed an independent comparison between single-pot solid-phase-enhanced sample preparation (SP3), filter-aided sample preparation (FASP), and a commercial kit based on the in-StageTip (iST) method. We assessed their performance for the processing of proteomic samples in the low μg range using varying amounts of HeLa cell lysate (1-20 μg of total protein). All three workflows showed similar performances for 20 μg of starting material. When handling sample sizes below 10 μg, the number of identified proteins and peptides as well as the quantitat…