Search results for "carbon"
showing 10 items of 6057 documents
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
1999
Reaction of 20 aromatic/heterocyclic sulfonamides containing a free amino, imino, hydrazino or hydroxyl group, with 8-quinoline-sulfonyl chloride afforded a series of water-soluble (as hydrochloride or triflate salts) compounds. The new derivatives were assayed as inhibitors of the zinc enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA), and more precisely of three of its isozymes, CA I, II (cytosolic forms) and IV (membrane-bound form), involved in important physiological processes. Efficient inhibition was observed against all three isozymes, but especially against CA II (in nanomolar range), which is the isozyme known to play a critical role in aqueous humor secretion within the ciliary processes of the eye…
SN1 Reactions in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide in the Presence of Alcohols: the Role of Preferential Solvation
2016
Ethanol (3b) inhibits SN1 reactions of alkyl halides 1 in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) and gives no ethers as products. The unexpected behaviour of alcohols 3 in the reaction of alkyl halides 1 with 1,3-dimethoxybenzene (2) in scCO2 under different conditions is rationalised in terms of Bronsted and Lewis acid–base equilibria of reagents, intermediates, additives and products in a singular solvent characterised by: (i) the strong quadrupole and Lewis acid character of carbon dioxide, which hinders SN2 paths by strongly solvating basic solutes; (ii) the weak Lewis base character of carbon dioxide, which prevents it from behaving as a proton sink; (iii) the compressible nature of scCO…
Complexation of phosphine ligands with peracetylated β-cyclodextrin in supercritical carbon dioxide: spectroscopic determination of equilibrium const…
2007
The interaction between peracetylated beta-cyclodextrin and several triphenyl phosphine derivatives was studied in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) by UV-visible spectroscopy. The equilibrium constant for a 1:1 complexation reaction was obtained from titration spectra and calculated using two established mathematical models. The values of the equilibrium constants are 1-3 orders of magnitude smaller than those obtained in aqueous solution with analogous phosphines. This is likely due to the absence in scCO2 of the hydrophobic effect, which is replaced by a corresponding, but weaker, CO2-phobic effect. The largest value of Kf was found for complexes of diphenyl(4-adamantylphenyl)phosphin…
A green route to synthesize poly(lactic acid)-based macromonomers in scCO2 for biodegradable nanoparticle production
2014
Poly(lactic acid)-based macromonomers, aimed at biomedical applications and with well-defined average chain length, are produced through catalytic ring-opening polymerization of L,L-lactide co-initiated by a co-monomer bearing a double bond. Reactions have been carried out in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) at different temperatures, ranging from 90 to 130 °C. The resulting oligomers have been characterized by different techniques (1H-NMR, 13CNMR, MALDI-TOF, ESI, GPC, FT-IR, TGA), which show that oligomers with narrower molecular weight distribution are produced at the lowest temperature. In addition, a significant reduction of the impact of the secondary reactions has been found at th…
Irradiation of low density and high density polyethylenes in presence of carbon dioxide in subcritical and supercritical conditions
1998
Abstract The grafting of carboxylated and oxygenated functions on low density and high density polyethylenes is carried out by gamma irradiation in the presence of carbon dioxide. Both crosslinking and grafting of oxidised groups occur. The extent of these molecular modifications depends on the physical conditions of the gas phase and on the nature of the polymer matrix.
Surfactant Assisted Polymerization of Tetrafluoroethylene in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide with a Pilot Scale Batch Reactor.
2008
Chain-free radical polymerization of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) was carried out in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2), at 50 °C and 121–133 bar, with tertiary-amyl-per-pivalate as a free radical initiator, using a 5-L pilot scale batch reactor. Experiments were carried out both in the absence and in the presence of perfluoropolyether (PFPE) carboxylate surfactants. Stabilizers were employed under the free acid form and as sodium and calcium salts. An expanded fibrillated poly(TFE) was obtained in all experiments. In the case of surfactant-free polymerizations, the product was mainly constituted by irregular shape macroparticles having size in the range 200–500 μm. Quite interestingly, when…
Oxidation of Sulfides with a Silica-Supported Peracid in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide under Flow Conditions: Tuning Chemoselectivity with Pressure
2010
Supercritical carbon dioxide is a convenient medium for performing the selective oxidation of sulfides 1 to either sulfoxides 2 or sulfones 3 with [2-percarboxyethyl]-functionalized silica (4) under flow conditions. The chemoselectivity of the reaction, which results from the different diffusion rates of sulfide and sulfoxide over the reagent bed, can be controlled by adjusting the pressure and the hydration of the silica surface as both the solvating power of the mobile phase and the surface activity of the stationary phase determine the migration rates of sulfide 1 and sulfoxide 2 over the supported peroxide. The results elucidate the impact of surface phenomena on the course of chemical …
Comparative effect of supercritical carbon dioxide and high pressure processing on structural changes and activity loss of oxidoreductive enzymes
2019
Abstract Due to the CO2 specific characteristics, it has been used as supercritical (Sc) fluid for several applications, including enzyme inactivation. The influence of Sc-CO2 (10–65 MPa/10–30 min/35–65 °C) on mushroom polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and horseradish peroxidase (POD) was evaluated and the results were compared with those found using high pressure processing (HPP) (200–900 MPa/5–45 °C/1–15 min). The free ion concentration was also studied to compare the enzymatic activity and changes in electrical conductivity. Additionally both enzymes, untreated or treated using either Sc-CO2 or HPP, were used as additives in the CuCl2 crystallization method. The resulting additive-specific CuCl2 …
Oxidation of alcohols to carbonyl compounds with CrO3.SiO2 in supercritical carbon dioxide.
2006
Supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) is an effective reaction medium to perform the oxidation of primary and secondary aliphatic alcohols to the corresponding carbonyl compounds with chromium trioxide supported on silica. These reactions were performed by flowing a solution of the alcohol in scCO2 through a column containing the supported reagent and recovering the product by depressurization. This method avoids the use of organic solvents and the contamination of the products with chromium species.
Hydrogenation of light hydrocarbons on palladium: theoretical study of the local surface arrangements
2001
Abstract Quantum mechanical calculations at HF, MP2 and DFT levels were used to rationalise the surface effects of the hydrocarbon lateral interactions occurring on single planar metal surfaces or on different adjacent surfaces during the hydrogenation on palladium catalyst. The different values of electronic charge, found in the different atoms of palladium clusters, were suggested as a possible explanation of the non-homogeneous behaviour already inferred for catalyst surface sites having non-isotropic local arrangement.