Search results for "causality"
showing 10 items of 258 documents
Cities, hinterlands and agglomeration shadows: spatial developments in Finland over 1880-2004
2011
This paper analyzes long-term spatial developments in Finland by focusing on two predictions of the new economic geography (NEG) models, the increasing persistence of locational patterns and the emerging agglomeration shadow, i.e. the rising dominance of growth centers. Pre- and post-war periods are distinguished to roughly express the shift from an agriculture-based economy to a post-industrial country. The analyses base on the assumption that each of the 19 Finnish regions has a center of its own and the rest of the region forms its local hinterland. The empirical analysis is based on regional population data from 1880 to 2004 at decade intervals. First, to analyze the persistence of loca…
Perceived safety and attributed value as predictors of the intention to use autonomous vehicles: A national study with Spanish drivers
2019
Abstract Sooner than later, the growing development of Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) will represent not only an imminent transformation of transportation dynamics, but also further advantages for their users, including many improvements in road crash prevention, efficiency and sustainability. However, different concerns and constraints may affect the intention of adopting this technology among its potential customers, especially for what concerns those constraints related to safety, viability and stability. The objective of this study was to examine the influence of perceived safety and value attributed to the AV in the drivers’ intention to use it, considering the drivers’ demographic factors,…
Creativity in Middle Childhood: Influence of Perceived Maternal Sensitivity, Self-esteem, and Shyness
2016
This study aimed to examine the relationship between maternal sensitivity and affect, as perceived by the child, and childhood creativity. Self-esteem and shyness were considered mediating factors. A total of 151 elementary school pupils were tested on verbal and pictorial creativity, self-esteem, and perceived maternal affect and sensitivity. Their teachers assessed each child’s shyness in their relations at school. A Multiple Indicators and Multiple Causes (MIMIC) model of the causal relationships among the study’s variables was tested. Results supported this theoretical model of causality. Maternal sensitivity had a significant, direct, positive effect on self-esteem, and a direct negati…
Avis de l'Anses relatif à l'actualisation de la méthode d'imputabilité des signalements d'effets indésirables de nutrivigilance
2019
A l’instar des autres systèmes de vigilance français et compte tenu de l’importance des conséquences en matière de santé et des décisions industrielles qui en découlent, l’analyse de la relation de causalité entre un produit visé par le dispositif national de nutrivigilance et l’effetindésirable déclaré doit être réalisée avec une méthode d’analyse appropriée et objective. Cette méthode dite « méthode d’imputabilité de nutrivigilance » estime le degré de causalité, d’un ou de plusieurs produits dans la survenue de l’effet indésirable déclaré, de manière standardisée, permettant d’éliminer les divergences d’opinion pouvant exister entre plusieurs observateurs. De telles méthodes sont couramm…
Air Transportation and Regional Growth: Which Way Does the Causality Run?
2013
The role of airports has become increasingly important with globalization. To have a regional airport is an especially important asset for retaining companies in the region as well as attracting new economic activity to the region. A well-developed transport infrastructure can be seen as a facilitator that allows the economic potential of a region to be realized. The provision of transportation does not, however, automatically lead to economic growth. It may also be the other way round: economic development leads to the better transport infrastructure and accessibility, stressing demand side elements. This paper aims to shed further light on the relationship between regional airports and ec…
Causalities between CO2, electricity, and other energy variables during phase I and phase II of the EU ETS
2010
The topic of this article is the analysis of the interplay between daily carbon, electricity and gas price data with the European Union Emission Trading System (EU ETS) for CO2 emissions. In a first step we have performed Granger causality tests for Phase I of the EU ETS (January 2005 until December 2007) and the first year of Phase II of the EU ETS (2008). The analysis includes both spot and forward markets—given the close interactions between the two sets of markets. The results show that during Phase I coal and gas prices, through the clean dark and spark spread, impacted CO2 futures prices, which in return Granger caused electricity prices. During the first year of the Phase II, the sho…
Granger Causality Analysis of Transient Calcium Dynamics in the Honey Bee Antennal Lobe Network
2023
Odorant processing presents multiple parallels across animal species, and insects became relevant models for the study of olfactory coding because of the tractability of the underlying neural circuits. Within the insect brain, odorants are received by olfactory sensory neurons and processed by the antennal lobe network. Such a network comprises multiple nodes, named glomeruli, that receive sensory information and are interconnected by local interneurons participating in shaping the neural representation of an odorant. The study of functional connectivity between the nodes of a sensory network in vivo is a challenging task that requires simultaneous recording from multiple nodes at high temp…
Ordinatio ad Casum: Legal Causation in Italy, 14th-17th centuries
2023
The book examines the development of legal causation in Italy from the fourteenth to the seventeenth centuries, focusing especially on practice-oriented literature (decisiones and consilia). Causality began to be discussed from the late thirteenth century and especially during the first half of the fourteenth, when it was described as ordinatio. In private law, ordinatio remained the standard approach to causation during the entire early modern period: centuries of legal practice mainly refined its scope but did not change its core. By contrast, its application in criminal law would increasingly clash with the intentionality requirement, and so it was progressively challenged.
"Not So Ridiculous" : Avicenna on the Existence of Nature (tabi'a) contra Aristotle and the Ash'arites
2019
In this paper, I set out to explicate what I take to be a distinctive argument that Avicenna offers for the existence of nature (ṭabī ͑a) as a causal power (quwwa) in bodies (ajsām). In doing this, I first clarify the philosophical and historical context of the argument, showing that its two main targets were the Aristotelian tradition on the hand and the Ash ͑arite theological (kalām) tradition on the other. With regards to the Aristotelian tradition, which took the existence of nature as a given, I show that the shaykh departs from it in this regard for at least two reasons. The first has to do with a certain feature of how Avicenna conceptualized, consistent with the Aristotelian traditi…
Information Decomposition in Bivariate Systems: Theory and Application to Cardiorespiratory Dynamics
2015
In the framework of information dynamics, the temporal evolution of coupled systems can be studied by decomposing the predictive information about an assigned target system into amounts quantifying the information stored inside the system and the information transferred to it. While information storage and transfer are computed through the known self-entropy (SE) and transfer entropy (TE), an alternative decomposition evidences the so-called cross entropy (CE) and conditional SE (cSE), quantifying the cross information and internal information of the target system, respectively. This study presents a thorough evaluation of SE, TE, CE and cSE as quantities related to the causal statistical s…