Search results for "cellular"

Progranulin protects against exaggerated axonal injury and astrogliosis following traumatic brain injury

2016

In response to traumatic brain injury (TBI) microglia/macrophages and astrocytes release inflammatory mediators with dual effects on secondary brain damage progression. The neurotrophic and anti-inflammatory glycoprotein progranulin (PGRN) attenuates neuronal damage and microglia/macrophage activation in brain injury but mechanisms are still elusive. Here, we studied histopathology, neurology and gene expression of inflammatory markers in PGRN-deficient mice (Grn-/- ) 24 h and 5 days after experimental TBI. Grn-/- mice displayed increased perilesional axonal injury even though the overall brain tissue loss and neurological consequences were similar to wild-type mice. Brain inflammation was …

Depletion of regulatory T cells increases T cell brain infiltration, reactive astrogliosis, and interferon-γ gene expression in acute experimental tr…

2019

Abstract Background Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of death and disability. T cells were shown to infiltrate the brain during the first days after injury and to exacerbate tissue damage. The objective of this study was to investigate the hitherto unresolved role of immunosuppressive, regulatory T cells (Tregs) in experimental TBI. Methods “Depletion of regulatory T cell” (DEREG) and wild type (WT) C57Bl/6 mice, treated with diphtheria toxin (DTx) to deplete Tregs or to serve as control, were subjected to the controlled cortical impact (CCI) model of TBI. Neurological and motor deficits were examined until 5 days post-injury (dpi). At the 5 dpi endpoint, (immuno-) histological…

Extracellular vesicles in multiple sclerosis as possible biomarkers: Dream or reality?

2017

Extracellular vesicles are recently described as specialized structures for intercellular communication. Their role in the central nervous system was diffusely studied in both physiological and pathological condition. In particular, an increased extracellular vesicle number was detected in several autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis, a chronic autoimmune, inflammatory, demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease. This chapter summarizes the available information on the involvement of the extracellular vesicles in multiple sclerosis pathogenesis and their possible use as biomarker of therapy efficacy.

Guidelines are silver, but a multidisciplinary team discussion may be golden?

2018

Prenatal Ambient Air Pollution, Placental Mitochondrial DNA Content, and Birth Weight in the INMA (Spain) and ENVIRONAGE (Belgium) Birth Cohorts

2016

The research leading to these results was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Health (FIS-PI11/00610, FIS-PI041436, FIS-PI081151, FIS-PI042018, and FIS-PI09/02311), the European Union (EU) (FP7-ENV-2011 cod 282957 and HEALTH.2010.2.4.5-1), the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Red INMA G03/176, CB06/02/0041, FIS-FEDER 03/1615, 04/1509, 04/1112, 04/1931, 05/1079, 05/1052, 06/1213, 07/0314, 09/02647, 11/01007, 11/02591, CP11/00178, FIS-PI06/0867, and FIS-PS09/00090), the Conselleria de Sanitat Generalitat Valenciana, the Generalitat de Catalunya-CIRIT (1999SGR 00241), the Obre Social Cajastur, the Universidad de Oviedo, the Department of Health of the Basque Government (2005111093 and 2009111069),…

(+)-Pentazocine reduces oxidative stress and apoptosis in microglia following hypoxia/reoxygenation injury

2016

Abstract Background Sigma-1 receptors (σ 1 R) are highly expressed in neurons as well as microglia and have been shown to modulate the inflammatory response in the central nervous system and thus may serve as possible target for neuroprotective strategies. The aim of the present study was to test the effect of (+)-pentazocine, a putative σ 1 R agonist, in an in vitro model of microglia activation. Methods Microglia (BV2 cells) was exposed (3 h) to 1% oxygen and reoxygenation was allowed for 24 h. Cells were treated with different concentrations (1, 10, 25 and 50 μM) of (+)-pentazocine in the presence or absence of NE-100 (1 μM), a well established σ 1 R antagonist. Cell viability and apopto…

Reprint of "EXOSOME LEVELS IN HUMAN BODY FLUIDS: A TUMOR MARKER BY THEMSELVES?"

2017

Despite considerable research efforts, the finding of reliable tumor biomarkers remains challenging and unresolved. In recent years a novel diagnostic biomedical tool with high potential has been identified in extracellular nanovesicles or exosomes. They are released by the majority of the cells and contain detailed molecular information on the cell of origin including tumor hallmarks. Exosomes can be isolated from easy accessible body fluids, and most importantly, they can at once provide with several biomarkers, with different levels of specificity. Recent clinical evidence shows that the levels of exosomes released into body fluids may by themselves represent a predictive/diagnostic of t…

Comparative protein profiling of B16 mouse melanoma cells susceptible and non-susceptible to alphavirus infection: Effect of the tumor microenvironme…

2016

Alphavirus vectors are promising tools for cancer treatment. However, relevant entry mechanisms and interactions with host cells are still not clearly understood. The first step toward a more effective therapy is the identification of novel intracellular alterations that could be associated with cancer aggressiveness and could affect the therapeutic potential of these vectors. In this study, we observed that alphaviruses efficiently infected B16 mouse melanoma tumors/tumor cells in vivo, whereas their transduction efficiency in B16 cells under in vitro conditions was blocked. Therefore, we further aimed to understand the mechanisms pertaining to the differential transduction efficacy of alp…

Differential glutamatergic and GABAergic contributions to the tetrad effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol revealed by cell-type-specific reconstitution…

2020

Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the major psychoactive ingredient of Cannabis sativa, exerts its actions through the endocannabinoid system by stimulation of the cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptor. The widespread distribution of this receptor in different neuronal cell types and the plethora of functions that is modulated by the endocannabinoid system explain the versatility of the effects of THC. However, the cell types involved in the different THC effects are still not fully known. Conditional CB1 receptor knock-out mice were previously used to identify CB1 receptor subpopulations that are "necessary" for the tetrad effects of a high dose of THC: hypothermia, hypolocomotion, catalepsy and …

Cocaine-induced changes in CX3CL1 and inflammatory signaling pathways in the hippocampus: Association with IL1β

2020

Cocaine induces neuroinflammatory response and interleukin-1 beta (IL1β) is suggested a final effector for many cocaine-induced inflammatory signals. Recently, the chemokine fractalkine (CX3CL1) has been reported to regulate hippocampus-dependent neuroinflammation and synaptic plasticity via CX3C-receptor 1 (CX3CR1), but little is known about the impact of cocaine. This study is mainly focused on the characterization of CX3CL1, IL1β and relevant inflammatory signal transduction pathways in the hippocampus in acute and repeated cocaine-treated male mice. Complementarily, the rewarding properties of cocaine were also assessed in Cx3cr1-knockout (KO) mice using a conditioned place preference (…