Search results for "choline"
showing 10 items of 1138 documents
The Janus face of chlorogenic acid on vascular reactivity: A study on rat isolated vessels
2016
Abstract Background Chlorogenic acid (CGA), the main polyphenol contained in coffee, is a major contributor to dietary polyphenol intake. Few studies reported its anti-hypertensive properties but the mechanisms are still indefinite. Purpose The present study assessed the direct effect of CGA in endothelium denuded or intact aortic rings from male Wistar rats and the mechanisms involved. Methods/Results CGA induced a direct endothelium-dependent relaxation that was significantly reduced by L-NAME (10 −4 M), indomethacin (10 −5 M) and combination of apamin (10 −7 M) and charybdotoxin (10 −7 M). Incubation of rings with CGA induced a dual effect on agonist-induced vasorelaxation. At 10 −6 …
Role of cholinergic neurons in the motor effects of glucagon-like peptide-2 in mouse colon
2010
Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) reduces mouse gastric tone and small intestine transit, but its action on large intestine motility is still unknown. The purposes of the present study were 1) to examine the influence of GLP-2 on spontaneous mechanical activity and on neurally evoked responses, by recording intraluminal pressure from mouse isolated colonic segments; 2) to characterize GLP-2 mechanism of action; and 3) to determine the distribution of GLP-2 receptor (GLP-2R) in the mouse colonic muscle coat by immunohistochemistry. Exogenous GLP-2 (0.1–300 nM) induced a concentration-dependent reduction of the spontaneous mechanical activity, which was abolished by the desensitization of GLP-…
Antagonism of calcium by zinc in guinea-pig isolated taenia caeci and trachealis muscle
1989
1 In guinea-pig isolated taenia caeci and trachealis bathed in a K+-rich, Ca2+-free medium, CaCl2 (0.01-10 mM) produced a concentration-dependent contraction. Zn2+ (0.01-1 mM), Cd2+ (0.01-1 mM), verapamil (0.01-100 microM) and trifluoperazine (1-100 microM) were effective antagonists of CaCl2-induced responses. 2 Zn2+ and Cd2+ in concentrations from 0.01 to 1 mM were without effect on the tone of taenia and trachea in normal Tris solution. Conversely, Zn2+ and Cd2+, in concentrations of 1 mM, caused contraction of these tissues in a K+-rich, Ca2+-free medium. Zn2+ (1 mM)-induced contractions of taenia and trachea were completely inhibited by verapamil (10 microM). 3 In taenia and trachea sk…
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and memantine in bipolar disorder: A systematic review and best evidence synthesis of the efficacy and safety for mul…
2016
Abstract Background Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AceI) and memantine might prove useful in bipolar disorder (BD) given their neuroprotective and pro-cognitive effects, as highlighted by several case reports. We aimed to systematically review the efficacy and safety of AceI and memantine across multiple outcome dimensions in BD. Methods Systematic PubMed and SCOPUS search until 04/17/2015 without language restrictions. Included were randomized controlled trials (RCTs), open label studies and case series of AceI or memantine in BD patients reporting quantitative data on depression, mania, psychotic symptoms, global functioning, or cognitive performance. We summarized results using a best-…
Acute toxicity of dichlorvos to Aphanius iberus (Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1846) and its anti-cholinesterase effects on this species
2008
This study evaluates the toxic effects of the organophosphate pesticide (OP) dichlorvos to the endangered Iberian toothcarp (Aphanius iberus). To this end, the lethal toxicity of dichlorvos based on 96 h-LC50 bioassays was determined in saline water (50 g/L), and in vivo effects of dichlorvos on cholinesterase (ChE) activity were investigated in adult female and male specimens. The 96 h-LC50 value determined by probit analysis was 3.17 mg/L (95% confidence limits: 1.34-3.97). The characterisation of the ChE using different substrates and specific inhibitors was also carried out in head and muscle tissues. Acetylthiocholine was the substrate preferred by both head and muscle ChE in males and…
Evaluation of antidiuretic hormone before and after long-term treatment with desmopressin in a group of enuretic children
1998
Objective To determine the effect of long-term desmopressin therapy in enuretic patients on the levels of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) during and after the end of therapy. Patients and methods The study comprised 25 outpatients (18 boys and seven girls) aged 8–12 years at the start of therapy and 12–16 years at the end. The morning (08.00 hours) plasma ADH level was determined before treatment (T0) with desmopressin and 2 years after (T1) ending the therapy. Seven of the 25 patients evaluated had monosymptomatic (simple enuresis, SE) and 18 had other symptoms (complex enuresis, CE). Results In the patients with SE, the mean (SD) duration of therapy was 305 (183) days and they were re-evaluate…
Nicotinic cholinoceptive neurons of the frontal cortex are reduced in Alzheimer's disease.
1991
The cellular distribution of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors was studied in the frontal cortex (area 10) of 1) Alzheimer patients and compared to 2) age-matched and 3) middle-aged controls using the monoclonal antibody WF 6 and an immunoperoxidase protocol. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences between the number of labeled neurons among all three groups tested (middle-aged controls greater than aged controls greater than Alzheimer cases). No differences were seen for cresyl violet-stained samples. These findings underline that the nicotinic receptor decrease found with radioligand binding may reflect a postsynaptic in addition to a presynaptic component.
Behavioural parameters in aged rats are related to LTP and gene expression of ChAT and NMDA-NR2 subunits in the striatum.
2004
Striatal parameters were assessed for their relevance to age-related behavioural decline. Forty aged rats (28-30 months) were tested in the water maze and open field. Of these, seven superior and seven inferior learners were compared with each other in terms of levels of in vitro short- and long-term potentiation (STP and LTP), and gene expression of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) as well as of the NMDA-NR2A-C subunits assessed by quantitative RT-PCR. Results revealed that the superior as compared with the inferior learners had higher levels of ChAT mRNA in the striatum. For the superior group, ChAT mRNA was correlated with escape on to the cued platform in the water maze, whereas level o…
Glucocorticoids mediate reduction of epithelial acetylcholine content in the airways of rats and humans
1998
The cholinergic system in rat and human airways and the effects of glucocorticoids were investigated by assay of choline acetyltransferase activity, by high-pressure liquid chromatography measurement of acetylcholine, and by anti-choline acetyltransferase immunocyto-/histochemistry. Human bronchi were obtained at surgery from patients with lung cancer. Group 1 patients did not suffer from additional lung diseases and had not been treated with glucocorticoids. Group 2 patients, who suffered in addition to lung cancer from chronic obstructive bronchitis, had been treated for at least 6 weeks before surgery with four puffs of flusinolid daily. Isolated bronchial epithelial cells as well as int…
Ajuga ivaaqueous extract improves reverse cholesterol transport in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat
2012
AbstractObjectivesThe aim of this study was to determine the effects of Ajuga iva aqueous extract on lecithin : cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity and amount and composition of high-density lipoprotein (HDL)2 and (HDL)3, in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats.MethodsDiabetes was induced in male Wistar rats by intraperitoneal injection of STZ (60 mg/kg body weight). Diabetic rats (n = 12) were divided into two groups. The diabetic control group (D) received a 20% casein diet and the diabetic treated group received the same diet supplemented with A. iva aqueous extract (0.5 g/100 g diet) (DAi), for 4 weeks.Key findingsTotal cholesterol and HDL3-C were respectively decreased by…