Search results for "cognitive neuroscience"
showing 10 items of 1135 documents
Symptoms and the body: Taking the inferential leap
2017
The relationship between the conscious experience of physical symptoms and indicators of objective physiological dysfunction is highly variable and depends on characteristics of the person, the context and their interaction. This relationship often breaks down entirely in the case of "medically unexplained" or functional somatic symptoms, violating the basic assumption in medicine that physical symptoms have physiological causes. In this paper, we describe the prevailing theoretical approach to this problem and review the evidence pertaining to it. We then use the framework of predictive coding to propose a new and more comprehensive model of the body-symptom relationship that integrates ex…
Context-dependent minimisation of prediction errors involves temporal-frontal activation
2020
According to the predictive coding model of perception, the brain constantly generates predictions of the upcoming sensory inputs. Perception is realised through a hierarchical generative model which aims at minimising the discrepancy between predictions and the incoming sensory inputs (i.e., prediction errors). Notably, prediction errors are weighted depending on precision of prior information. However, it remains unclear whether and how the brain monitors prior precision when minimising prediction errors in different contexts. The current study used magnetoencephalography (MEG) to address this question. We presented participants with repetition of two non-predicted probes embedded in cont…
CT Radiomic Features and Clinical Biomarkers for Predicting Coronary Artery Disease
2023
AbstractThis study was aimed to investigate the predictive value of the radiomics features extracted from pericoronaric adipose tissue — around the anterior interventricular artery (IVA) — to assess the condition of coronary arteries compared with the use of clinical characteristics alone (i.e., risk factors). Clinical and radiomic data of 118 patients were retrospectively analyzed. In total, 93 radiomics features were extracted for each ROI around the IVA, and 13 clinical features were used to build different machine learning models finalized to predict the impairment (or otherwise) of coronary arteries. Pericoronaric radiomic features improved prediction above the use of risk factors alon…
Intelligence in DSM-IV combined type attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is not predicted by either dopamine receptor/transporter genes or other…
2008
Contains fulltext : 69677.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access) A major goal of genetic studies of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is to identify individual characteristics that might help segregate the disorder's inherent heterogeneity. [Mill et al. (2006); Arch Ger Psychiatry 63:462-469] recently reported a potentially important association between two dopamine-related risk polymorphisms (DRD4 variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) in exon 3 and DAT1 VNTR in the 3' UTR) and lowered IQ in ADHD. The objective of the current study was to replicate the [Mill et al. (2006); Arch Ger Psychiatry 63:462-469] findings in a clinical sample and to extend the analysis to a large ra…
Genetic heterogeneity in ADHD: DAT1 gene only affects probands without CD
2008
Contains fulltext : 70183.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access) Previous studies have found heterogeneous association between DAT1-3'-UTR-VNTR and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Various proportions of conduct disorder (CD) comorbidity in their ADHD samples may partially explain the observational discrepancies. Evidence for this comes from family and twin studies which found ADHD probands with CD (ADHD + CD) are genetically different from those without CD (ADHD - CD). Genotypes of 20 DAT1 markers were analyzed in 576 trios, consisting of 141 ADHD + CD and 435 ADHD - CD. In addition to the classical TDT test, a specific genetic heterogeneity test was performed to identi…
Adolescents' postural control learning according to the frequency of knowledge of process
2019
Feedback is one of the most influential factors for motor skills learning. Physical Education teachers commonly use verbal cues to provide knowledge of process (KP) when teaching motor skills, but the ideal presentation frequency for KP in adolescents is unclear. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of the frequency of KP (i.e., 100%, 67%, 0%) on dynamic balance. Thirty adolescents, age 14–15 years, participated in the study. Performance on a stabilometer platform was used to assess dynamic balance. Participants received feedback after each trial (100%), in two out of three trials (67%), or no feedback during 12 30-s trials of practice. Adolescents who received feedback (6…
On the influence of context-based complexity on information search patterns: An individual perspective
2014
Although context-based complexity measured as the similarity and conflict across alternatives is dependent on individual preference structures, existing studies investigating the influence of context-based complexity on information search patterns have largely ignored that context-based complexity is user- and preference-dependent. Addressing this research gap, this article elicits the individual preferences of decision makers by using the pairwise-comparison-based preference measurement (PCPM) technique and records individuals' search patterns using eye tracking. Our results show that an increased context-based complexity leads to an increase in information acquisition and the use of a mor…
Control of Programmed Cell Death by Distinct Electrical Activity Patterns
2010
Electrical activity and sufficient supply with survival factors play a major role in the control of apoptosis in the developing cortex. Coherent high-frequency neuronal activity, which efficiently releases neurotrophins, is essential for the survival of immature neurons. We studied the influence of neuronal activity on apoptosis in the developing cortex. Dissociated cultures of the newborn mouse cerebral cortex were grown on multielectrode arrays to determine the activity patterns that promote neuronal survival. Cultures were transfected with a plasmid coding for a caspase-3-sensitive fluorescent protein allowing real-time analysis of caspase-3-dependent apoptosis in individual neurons. Ele…
Temporospatial expression of HSP72 and c-JUN, and DNA fragmentation in goat hippocampus after global cerebral ischemia
2001
The role of gene induction (expression of HSP72 and c-JUN proteins) and delayed ischemic cell death (in situ labeling of DNA fragmentation) have been investigated in the goat hippocampus after transient global cerebral ischemia. The animals were subjected to 20-min ischemia (bilateral occlusion of the external carotid arteries plus bilateral jugular vein compression) and allowed to reperfuse for 2 h, and then 1, 3, and 7 days. Histological signs of cell loss were not found in the hippocampus at 2 h, 1 day, or 3 days of reperfusion. However, such an ischemic insult produced extensive, selective, and delayed degeneration in the hippocampus, as 68% of the neurons in CA1 had died at 7 days, but…
Gruppentherapeutische Behandlung bei beginnender dementieller Erkrankung
2009
Es liegen nur wenige Studien zur Wirksamkeit von Gruppenpsychotherapie bei beginnenden dementiellen Erkrankungen vor. Deshalb wurde die Arbeit in den größeren Rahmen der empirischen Evidenz von Psychotherapie bei Demenz gestellt. Zusätzlich wurden die Wirkfaktoren der Gruppentherapie (Yalom, 2007) theoretisch auf die Symptome und Probleme der Patienten mit beginnender Demenz bezogen und die therapeutischen Ansatzpunkte wurden abgeleitet. Dieses theoretische Potential der Gruppentherapie wurde mit den Ergebnissen der vorliegenden Studien zu Gruppentherapie bei Demenz und beginnender dementieller Erkrankung abgeglichen. Aus den Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschieden wurden erste Hinweise auf die …