Search results for "cortex"
showing 10 items of 1827 documents
Indacaterol/glycopyrronium/mometasone fixed dose combination for uncontrolled asthma
2021
INTRODUCTION Asthma symptoms can be relieved through a maintenance treatment combining long-acting β2-agonist and inhaled corticosteroids (LABA/ICS). However, for patients with inadequately controlled asthma, the LABA/ICS combination might not be sufficient. Under these conditions, clinical guidelines recommend the administration of inhaled long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) as an add-on therapy to LABA/ICS to better control asthma and improve lung function. For nearly two decades, the only LAMA to be approved on the market has been tiotropium. AREAS COVERED We reviewed recent clinical studies evaluating the safety and efficacy of LABA/LAMA/ICS fixed dose combinations by searching Pu…
GABAC receptors are functionally expressed in the intermediate zone and regulate radial migration in the embryonic mouse neocortex
2010
Radial neuronal migration in the cerebral cortex depends on trophic factors and the activation of different voltage- and ligand-gated channels. To examine the func- tional role of GABAC receptors in radial migration we ana- lyzed the effects of specific GABAA and GABAC receptor antagonists on the migration of BrdU-labeled neurons in vitro using organotypic neocortical slice cultures. These experi- ments revealed that the GABAA specific inhibitor bicuculline methiodide facilitated neuronal migration, while the GABAC specific inhibitor (1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine-4-yl) methylphos- phinic-acid (TPMPA) impeded migration. Co-application of TPMPA and bicuculline methiodide or the unspecific ionot…
Amyloid Beta-Mediated Changes in Synaptic Function and Spine Number of Neocortical Neurons Depend on NMDA Receptors
2021
Onset and progression of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathophysiology differs between brain regions. The neocortex, for example, is a brain region that is affected very early during AD. NMDA receptors (NMDARs) are involved in mediating amyloid beta (Aβ) toxicity. NMDAR expression, on the other hand, can be affected by Aβ. We tested whether the high vulnerability of neocortical neurons for Aβ-toxicity may result from specific NMDAR expression profiles or from a particular regulation of NMDAR expression by Aβ. Electrophysiological analyses suggested that pyramidal cells of 6-months-old wildtype mice express mostly GluN1/GluN2A NMDARs. While synaptic NMDAR-mediated currents are unaltered in 5xFAD …
Optimizing self-organizing timbre maps: Two approaches
1997
The effect of using different auditory images and distance metrics on the final configuration of a self-organized timbre map is examined by comparing distance matrices obtained from simulations with a similarity rating matrix, obtained using the same set of stimuli as in the simulations. Two approaches are described. In the static approach, each stimulus is represented as a single multi-component vector. Gradient images, which are intended to represent idealizations of physiological gradient maps in the auditory pathway, are constructed. The optimal auditory image and distance metric, with respect to the similarity rating data, are searched using the gradient method. In the dynamic approach…
A survey on features of allergic rhinitis in children
2013
Objective: A number of epidemiologic studies evaluated the prevalence of allergic rhinitis (AR), but few data are available on its different clinical presentations. We addressed this survey to assess the features of AR in children and adolescents. Methods: Thirty-five centers in Italy included 2623 pediatric patients with rhinitis, of whom 2319 suffered from AR, while 304 had other kinds of rhinitis. For each patient a standardized questionnaire was filled in, including ARIA classification, the duration of symptoms, the allergen identified as clinically relevant, the co-morbidities, the kind of treatment, the response to treatment, the satisfaction with the treatment, and the feasibility of…
α1-Adrenoceptors in the rat cerebral cortex: New insights into the characterization of α1L- and α1D-adrenoceptors
2010
36 p., figuras y tablas, bibliografía
Role of interleukin-6 and soluble IL-6 receptor in region-specific induction of astrocytic differentiation and neurotrophin expression.
1999
Increasing evidence supports an essential role for interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the development, differentiation, as well as de- and re-generation of neurons in the central nervous system (CNS). Both IL-6 and its specific receptor (IL-6R) are expressed on neurons and glial cells including astrocytes. In this study, we have analyzed the responses of primary rat astrocytes of various brain regions to IL-6 with respect to morphological changes and neurotrophin expression. Since IL-6 alone failed to initiate effects on astrocytes, we have examined whether the soluble IL-6R (sIL-6R) can modulate the responsiveness of to IL-6 in these cells. For this purpose, we used a highly active fusion protein of …
Grasp-specific motor resonance is influenced by the visibility of the observed actor
2016
AbstractMotor resonance is the modulation of M1 corticospinal excitability induced by observation of others' actions. Recent brain imaging studies have revealed that viewing videos of grasping actions led to a differential activation of the ventral premotor cortex depending on whether the entire person is viewed versus only their disembodied hand. Here we used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to examine motor evoked potentials (MEPs) in the first dorsal interosseous (FDI) and abductor digiti minimi (ADM) during observation of videos or static images in which a whole person or merely the hand was seen reaching and grasping a peanut (precision grip) or an apple (whole hand grasp). Part…
Event-related brain potentials of masked repetition and semantic priming while listening to sentences.
2012
We combined for the first time electrophysiological measures and masked priming technique in sentential context, by setting up a cross-modal masked priming paradigm involving the auditory presentation of sentences. ERPs were time-locked to an auditorily presented word that was preceded by a repeated, related or unrelated pattern masked prime. We registered a two-way N400-difference between unrelated and related/repeated primes, followed by a late positive component (LPC) for repetition priming. Related primes appear to facilitate the lexical-semantic processing of the target to the same extent repeated primes do (equally attenuated N400). Repetition priming exerts additional demands (LPC), …
The Brain’s Camera. Optimal Algorithms for Wiring the Eye to the Brain Shape How We See
2016
The problem of sending information at long distances, without significant attenuation and at a low cost, is common to both artificial and natural environments. In the brain, a widespread strategy to solve the cost-efficiency trade off in long distance communication is the presence of convergent pathways, or bottlenecks. In the visual system, for example, to preserve resolution, information is acquired by a first layer with a large number of neurons (the photoreceptors in the retina) and then compressed into a much smaller number of units in the output layer (the retinal ganglion cells), to send that information to the brain at the lowest possible metabolic cost. Recently, we found experimen…