Search results for "depression"
showing 10 items of 1778 documents
Effects of Antidepressants on Inhibitory Avoidance in Mice: A Review
2012
Neither the biological basis of depression (Nemeroff & Vale, 2005; Kasper & McEwen, 2008) nor the precise mechanism of antidepressant efficacy are completely understood (Dudra-Jastrzebska et al., 2007). Indeed, antidepressants are widely prescribed for anxiety and disorders other than depression. For example, they are the drug therapy of choice for severe anxiety disorders such as agoraphobia, generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder (Baldessarini, 2001). Antidepressants are also employed as a therapeutic tool in disorders such as drug addition (e.g. Schatzberg, 2000), enuresis (e.g. Humphreys & Reinberg, 2005) and chronic…
Therapeutic drug monitoring for antidepressant drug treatment.
2012
The aim of antidepressant drug treatment is to produce remission without causing adverse effects during the acute phase of the illness and to prevent relapses or recurrences during continuation or maintenance therapy. To achieve these goals, drug choice and dosage must be optimized for each patient individually. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), which is based on the assumption that clinical effects correlate better with blood levels than doses, can be helpful. When using tricyclic antidepressant drugs TDM enhances safety and efficacy. For newer antidepressant drugs, however, it is a matter of debate to which extend TDM can have beneficial effects. For many antidepressants there exist care…
The association of depression and all-cause and cause-specific mortality: An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses
2018
Background Depression is a prevalent and disabling mental disorder that frequently co-occurs with a wide range of chronic conditions. Evidence has suggested that depression could be associated with excess all-cause mortality across different settings and populations, although the causality of these associations remains unclear. Methods We conducted an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational studies. PubMed, PsycINFO, and Embase electronic databases were searched through January 20, 2018. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses that investigated associations of depression and all-cause and cause-specific mortality were selected for the review. The evidence was g…
Decreased intersubject synchrony in dynamic valence ratings of sad movie contents in dysphoric individuals
2021
Emotional reactions to movies are typically similar between people. However, depressive symptoms decrease synchrony in brain responses. Less is known about the effect of depressive symptoms on intersubject synchrony in conscious stimulus-related processing. In this study, we presented amusing, sad and fearful movie clips to dysphoric individuals (those with elevated depressive symptoms) and control participants to dynamically rate the clips’ valences (positive vs. negative). We analysed both the valence ratings’ mean values and intersubject correlation (ISC). We used electrodermal activity (EDA) to complement the measurement in a separate session. There were no group differences in either t…
Consequences of plant population size and density for plant-pollinator interactions and plant performance
2001
Summary 1 Habitat fragmentation and the resulting decline in the local abundance of plant species can affect biological interactions. We examined the effects of abundance on plant–pollinator interactions by observing the pollinator service and subsequent reproductive output of a mostly outbreeding, but self-compatible, plant, Lychnis viscaria, in experimental populations of different sizes (number of individuals) and densities (distance between individuals). 2 Bumblebees, the main pollinators of L. viscaria, preferred larger populations, but visitation rates were higher in sparser populations. Pollinators were attracted to the larger inflorescences in sparse populations, which were also m…
1936. Frustrated Hopes: The Great Depression, the Second Republic and the Civil War
2020
The Great Depression was accompanied by the collapse of the monarchical regime and the establishment of a modern democracy with the Second Republic in April 1931. The new regime had to balance the importance of gaining domestic and international respectability (using orthodox fiscal and monetary policy) with efforts to shift towards a moderate protectionist policy, and enact land, labour and educational reforms. There were fierce confrontations from 1934 on, eventually culminating in a civil war in 1936. The consequences included a long-lasting impact on economic growth; autarky and interventionist policies; a huge loss of human capital; poverty and rising inequality; and a 40-year-long dic…
Depression of the deprived or eroding enthusiasm of the elites: What has shifted the support for international trade?
2020
Abstract We use the 2003 and 2013 waves of the International Survey Program (ISSP) in order to explore the change in people’s attitudes that may be behind the recent backlash against globalization. We show that the average support for international trade has decreased in many – albeit not all – countries, and we demonstrate that these changes are related to the depth and length of the global financial crisis of 2008/09 as well as the evolution of income inequality. Moreover, our results document a declining support of those individuals who are likely to benefit from international trade: the young, high-skilled and well-off. We show that this “eroding enthusiasm of the elites” is empirically…
Política monetaria en tiempos de pandemia: evaluación y propuesta del Helicóptero Monetario
2020
La pandemia del Covid-19 ha provocado una de las crisis más importantes desde la Gran Depresión. Ante esto, es necesaria una mayor coordinación entre la política monetaria y las políticas fiscales. En este artículo, se ha analizado el Helicóptero Monetario como posible respuesta a la crisis y como complemento a las medidas adoptadas. Tras presentar evidencia histórica de los efectos del Helicóptero Monetario, examinar los distintos ejemplos propuestos en la literatura, y evaluar sus fortalezas y debilidades, se ha articulado una propuesta para la eurozona a través del Banco Central Europeo (BCE) en coordinación con el grupo del Banco Europeo de Inversiones (BEI)
Jacob Viner and the Chicago monetary tradition
2009
The paper aims at assessing Jacob Viner's role in that brand of monetary thought which historians associate with the Chicago School and whose origins can be retraced in the writings and teaching of Frank Knight, Lloyd Mints, Henry Simons and Viner himself. After a brief description of the prolonged debate over the origins and nature of the so called “Chicago Monetary Tradition”, we examine Viner's analyses and policy proposals drawing particular attention to: his analysis of the Great depression; his proposals for monetary expansion and banking reform; his shift of emphasis in favour of Fiscal Policy; the evolution of its monetary framework in the early 1930's. Finally, we compare his posit…
From the great depression to bretton woods: Jacob Viner and international monetary stabilization (1930-1945)
2009
This paper examines Jacob Viner's contribution to the debate and the policy decision-making concerning international monetary policy from the Great Depression to the Bretton Woods agreements. An outstanding member of the so-called 'early Chicago School of Political Economy', Viner was actively engaged in the debate over the causes and cures of the Depression, emphasizing the important role international economic problems played in producing its onset and in reinforcing its duration. During the 1930s Viner was an outspoken supporter of international monetary cooperation, set up to secure exchange rates stability, which he regarded as a paramount factor in restoring business confidence and fo…