Search results for "efavirenz"
showing 10 items of 34 documents
Estudio de interacciones farmacocinéticas del efavirenz con fármacos metabolizados por el CYP450: sertralina, nortriptilina y rifampicina.
2014
En este trabajo se han estudiado las interacciones farmacocinéticas del efavirenz (EFV) con tres fármacos metabolizados por el citocromo P450 (sertralina (SRT), nortriptilina (NT) y rifampicina (RFP)), utilizando la rata como animal de experimentación. El EFV se administró por vía intraduodenal (dosis = 10 mg) y los otros fármacos se administraron por vía intraduodenal (SRT y NT) o por vía oral (RFP). La coadministración de EFV y SRT (dosis de 5 mg y 10 mg) dio lugar a niveles plasmáticos de EFV mayores que los obtenidos en el grupo de control (animales administrados solo con EFV). Cuando se administró la dosis de 10 mg de SRT, se obtuvo un incremento estadísticamente significativo en los v…
Efavirenz induces interactions between leucocytes and endothelium through the activation of Mac-1 and gp150,95
2013
The potential cardiovascular (CV) toxicity associated with combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) has been attributed mainly to the nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors abacavir and didanosine. However, the other two components of cART--non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) and protease inhibitors (PIs)--may also be implicated, either directly or by influencing the action of the other drugs. This study evaluates the acute direct effects of the NNRTIs efavirenz and nevirapine and one of the most widely employed PIs, lopinavir, on leucocyte-endothelium interactions, a hallmark of CV disease.Drugs were analysed in vitro in human cells (interactions of peripheral blood…
Profile of stress and toxicity gene expression in human hepatic cells treated with Efavirenz
2012
Hepatic toxicity and metabolic disorders are major adverse effects elicited during the pharmacological treatment of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Efavirenz (EFV), the most widely used non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI), has been associated with these events, with recent studies implicating it in stress responses involving mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in human hepatic cells. To expand these findings, we analyzed the influence of EFV on the expression profile of selected stress and toxicity genes in these cells. Significant up-regulation was observed with Cytochrome P450, family 1, subfamily A, polypeptide 1 (CYP1A1), which indicated m…
Twenty Years of HIV-1 Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors: Time to Reevaluate their Toxicity
2011
Twenty years of effective clinical application have consolidated non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI) as essential components of the Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) employed in the treatment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). However, as the disease has come under control, there has been growing emphasis on the long-term adverse effects induced by this chronic pharmacological therapy. Although traditionally considered to be safe and well-tolerated drugs, there is mounting evidence that associates NNRTI with the onset of cutaneous reactions, neuropsychiatric symptoms, hepatotoxicity, metabolic disturbances and gastrointestinal toxicity. Though the clinical…
Autophagy as a rescue mechanism in efavirenz-induced mitochondrial dysfunction: a lesson from hepatic cells.
2011
Efavirenz (EFV) is the most widely used non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor applied in highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), the combined pharmacological treatment of the human immunodeficiency virus infection. Its use has been associated with the development of several adverse events including hepatotoxicity. The molecular pathogenesis of this effect is poorly understood but recent reports have highlighted features of mitochondrial dysfunction in hepatic cells exposed to clinically relevant concentrations of EFV. In this study, we investigated the activation of autophagy and, in particular, mitophagy, in human hepatic cells exposed to EFV. We detected the presence of alt…
Neuronal Bioenergetics and Acute Mitochondrial Dysfunction: A Clue to Understanding the Central Nervous System Side Effects of Efavirenz
2014
Background. Neurological pathogenesis is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and differences in neuronal/glial handling of oxygen and glucose. The main side effects attributed to efavirenz involve the CNS, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Methods. Human cell lines and rat primary cultures of neurons and astrocytes were treated with clinically relevant efavirenz concentration. Results. Efavirenz alters mitochondrial respiration, enhances reactive oxygen species generation, undermines mitochondrial membrane potential, and reduces adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels in a concentration-dependent fashion in both neurons and glial cells. However, it activates adenosine monophospha…
Efavirenz induce una respuesta diferencial en la bioenergética y función mitocondrial de neuronas y células gliales
2014
Efavirenz (EFV) es el inhibidor de la transcriptasa inversa no análogos de nucleósidos (ITINAN) más ampliamente utilizado en el tratamiento de la infección por el VIH. Durante muchos años ha contribuido significativamente a la evolución de la terapia antirretroviral de gran actividad (TARGA) y a pesar de ser considerado un fármaco seguro y bien tolerado, existe una creciente preocupación debido a que los regímenes que lo contienen han sido asociados con efectos adversos, siendo los trastornos neuropsiquiátricos la reacción adversa más notable y un factor de riesgo para el fracaso de la terapia. Los mecanismos responsables no han sido caracterizados, aunque algunos trabajos recientes vincula…
Compromising mitochondrial function with the antiretroviral drug efavirenz induces cell survival-promoting autophagy
2011
Hepatotoxicity is a very common side effect associated with the pharmacological treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and its pathogenesis is poorly understood. Efavirenz (EFV) is the most widely used nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor administered for the control of HIV and some of its toxic effects in hepatic cells have been recently shown to display features of mitochondrial dysfunction. Here we studied the activation of autophagy and, in particular, mitophagy, the main mitochondrial turnover mechanism, in human hepatic cells treated with clinically relevant concentrations of this drug. EFV-treated cells had altered mitochondria, characterized by a relative…
Pharmacokinetic interaction between efavirenz and ketoconazole in rats
2009
It is well known that efavirenz and ketoconazole act as an inducer and inhibitor of CYP3A4, respectively. As a result of these actions, co-administration of these drugs may result in changes in the pharmacoki- netic parameters of one or both of them. 2. Duodenum-cannulated rats have been used to compare the effect of intraduodenal (KC i.d. ) and intrave- nous administration of ketoconazole (KC i.v. ) on the pharmacokinetics of efavirenz after intraduodenal administration, as well as the potential effect of efavirenz as a CYP450 inducer on ketoconazole phar - macokinetic profile. 3. While KC i.v. did not show any significant effect on efavirenz pharmacokinetic profile, KC i.d. increased sig-…
Papel central de la mitocondria en la hepatotoxicidad inducida por Efavirenz
2013
La toxicidad hepática y los desordenes metabólicos son los principales efectos adversos asociados al tratamiento farmacológico de la infección con el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH). El Efavirenz (EFV) es el miembro de la familia de los inhibidores de la transcriptasa inversa no análogos de nucleósidos (ITINAN) más ampliamente utilizado en el tratamiento del VIH. Su uso ha sido asociado con el desarrollo de diversos efectos adversos, entre ellos la hepatotoxicidad, pero los mecanismos celulares y moleculares responsables de su aparición aún no han sido caracterizados, aunque algunos trabajos recientes vinculan su toxicidad con disfunción mitocondrial. En esta tesis, describimos u…