Search results for "electrolyte"

Complexes of star-shaped cationic polyelectrolytes with anionic liposomes: Towards multi-liposomal assemblies with controllable stability

2016

Abstract Complexes were formed via the electrostatic interaction between 30–50 nm anionic liposomes and a star-shaped polyelectrolyte, poly{[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethyl ammonium iodide}, having cationic arms that radiate from a silicon-based central core. The complexation was investigated with attention given to assessing the capacity of the cationic stars for the anionic liposomes (both liquid and solid); the integrity of the complexed liposomes; and the stability of the resulting star/liposome complexes in aqueous salt solutions. We have found that by changing the content of anionic groups in the liposomal membrane as well as the phase-state of membrane, the stability of star/lipos…

Intrinsic Viscosities of Polyelectrolytes: Determination and Modeling of the Effects of Extra Salt

2011

Based on early measurements of J. J. Hermans and co-workers (D. T. F. Pals, J. J. Hermans, Recl. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas 1952, 71, 513-520; D. T. F. Pals, J. J. Hermans, J. Polym. Sci. 1950, 5, 733-734; D. T. F. Pals, J. J. Hermans, J. Polym. Sci. 1948, 3, 897-898), the present contribution demonstrates how primary data should be evaluated in order to obtain reliable intrinsic viscosities. This procedure yields detailed information on the changes of the intrinsic viscosities and of the corresponding viscometric interaction parameters caused by an increasing salinity of water. Both quantities decline from a maximum value in the pure solvent to a minimum value, which is approached in the limit o…

Binding of acrylic and sulphonic polyanions by open-chain polyammonium cations

2000

Abstract The interactions between some acrylic and sulphonic polyanions and some protonated amines (diamines NH 2 -(CH 2 ) x -NH 2 , x =2,…,10; linear tri-, tetra-, penta- and hexa-amines) were studied potentiometrically in aqueous solution, at 25°C. For both types of polyanions AL 2 H i (L − , monomer of polyanion, A, amine) species are formed, with i =1,…, n ( n =number of amino groups in the amine). The stability of these species is strictly dependent on the polyammonium cation charge, and fairly independent of the type of amine (in diamine species maximum stability is observed for x =4, 5). Acrylic and sulphonic polyanion complexes are considerably stronger than analogous species formed…

1993

The synthesis and the thermotropic phase behavior of the dipolar amphiphiles C 5 H 5 N + (CH 2 ) m OCOPhPHCOO(CH 2 ) m N + C 5 H 5 and the polymeric amphiphile [(CH 2 ) 6 OPhPhO(CH 2 ) 6 OCOCH([CH 2 ] 6 N + C 5 H 5 )COO] n are described

Electrochemical behaviour of inorganic redox substances dispersed into Nafion® films

1999

Abstract The voltammetric response of a Nafion ® film deposited on an indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode was studied. It was observed that the response is affected by the thickness of the Nafion ® layer. Also, the voltammograms show differences depending on the concentration and composition of the supporting electrolyte solution. The ITO–Nafion ® system can be stabilised by repetitive cyclic voltammetry, and then the inner hydrogen reduction is not detected by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Different substances were dispersed into the Nafion ® matrix in order to study their electrochemical response.

Investigations of the Microstructure of Lipid Interface Films

1990

The phase behaviour of phospholipid monolayers at electrolyte/gas interfaces is studied by fluorescence microscopy. At the LE/LC phase transition, phase separation leads to a Wigner-type lattice structure. The observations are quantified using digital image processing. The results show that the phase transition comprises three different regimes.

Studien zum Vorgang der Wasserstoffübertragung, 41. Elektroreduktion von Acetophenon unter Mitwirkung optisch aktiver Leitsalze

1977

Die Anderung des Carbinol/Pinakol-Verhaltnisses2) (C/P) und der optischen Induktion bei der Elektroreduktion von Acetophenon mit (1 R, 2S)-N-(3-Cyanpropyl)-N-methylephedriniumbromid (1) und (1 R, 2 S)-N,N-Dimethylephedriniumbromid (2) als Leitsalze wird untersucht in Abhangigkeit: a) vom Potential (Tabelle 1), b) von der Stromdichte (Tabelle 2), c) von Pulsbedingungen (Tabelle 3), d) vom pH (Tabelle 4), e) von der Anwesenheit anderer Kationen (Tabelle 5), f) vom Losungsmittel (Tabelle 6), g) von der Temperatur (Tabelle 7) und h) von der Art des Elektrodenmaterials (Tabelle 8). — Es werden tensammetrische und cyclovoltammetrische Messungen durchgefuhrt. Die in trockenem Dimethylformamid erha…

Novel electrolytes for electrochemical double layer capacitors based on 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-ol

2012

Abstract 1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoropropan-2-ol (HFIP) was tested for its applicability as solvent in electrolytes for energy storage devices. A comprehensive characterization with respect to solubility, conductivity, as well as chemical and electrochemical stability was carried out with different conducting salts. Furthermore, different HFIP solutions containing standard supporting electrolytes and alkali metal fluorides, respectively, were applied in electrochemical double layer capacitor cells. Their behavior was studied with impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry at low scan rates and compared to the current benchmark electrolytes based on propylene carbonate (PC) and acetonitrile (AN…

The electrochemistry of carbon monoxide reductive cyclotetramerization to squarate anion

1978

Abstract The electrochemical reduction, of carbon monoxide to C4O2−4 squarate anion is investigated. Particular attention is devoted to the influence that solvents, electrolytes, electrodes and carbon monoxide pressure have on the yields. The main feature appears to be that strictly controlled conditions are not necessary for cyclotetramerization. In dmf — Bu4NBr the following yields vs reacted CO and circulated charge were obtained with different cathodes: Pt(49%, 34%); Au(48%, 29%); Al(47%, 38%); stainless steel (36%, 33%); graphite (39%, 31%). A distinct influence of the supporting electrolyte (inorganic and tetraalkylammonium halides) was however observed.

Cytotoxicity investigations of plasma sprayed calcium phosphate coatings

1994

One potential alternative material to replace hydroxyapatite (HAp) as a coating material for plasma-sprayed coatings on implants for hip replacement is fluorapatite (FAp). FAp has advantages over HAp regarding the capability of being chemically stable during the coating process. This leads to surface coatings containing high apatite rates with a mechanical stability (bond strength, microhardness) comparable to HAp. From the technical point of view the production of FAp coatings is well investigated, although studies on biocompatibility of FAp coatings are fewer. This paper reports the production of HAp and FAp coatings with varying solubilities by plasma spraying and their in vitro cytotoxi…