Search results for "event"

On compound and iterated conditionals

2021

We illustrate the notions of compound and iterated conditionals introduced, in recent papers, as suitable conditional random quantities, in the framework of coherence. We motivate our definitions by examining some concrete examples. Our logical operations among conditional events satisfy the basic probabilistic properties valid for unconditional events. We show that some, intuitively acceptable, compound sentences on conditionals can be analyzed in a rigorous way in terms of suitable iterated conditionals. We discuss the Import-Export principle, which is not valid in our approach, by also examining the inference from a material conditional to the associated conditional event. Then, we illus…

Interpreting Connexive Principles in Coherence-Based Probability Logic

2021

We present probabilistic approaches to check the validity of selected connexive principles within the setting of coherence. Connexive logics emerged from the intuition that conditionals of the form If \(\mathord {\thicksim }A\), then A, should not hold, since the conditional’s antecedent \(\mathord {\thicksim }A\) contradicts its consequent A. Our approach covers this intuition by observing that for an event A the only coherent probability assessment on the conditional event \(A|\bar{A}\) is \(p(A|\bar{A})=0\). Moreover, connexive logics aim to capture the intuition that conditionals should express some “connection” between the antecedent and the consequent or, in terms of inferences, valid…

Probabilistic squares and hexagons of opposition under coherence

2017

Various semantics for studying the square of opposition and the hexagon of opposition have been proposed recently. We interpret sentences by imprecise (set-valued) probability assessments on a finite sequence of conditional events. We introduce the acceptability of a sentence within coherence-based probability theory. We analyze the relations of the square and of the hexagon in terms of acceptability. Then, we show how to construct probabilistic versions of the square and of the hexagon of opposition by forming suitable tripartitions of the set of all coherent assessments on a finite sequence of conditional events. Finally, as an application, we present new versions of the square and of the…

On general conditional random quantities

2009

In the first part of this paper, recalling a general discussion on iterated conditioning given by de Finetti in the appendix of his book, vol. 2, we give a representation of a conditional random quantity $X|HK$ as $(X|H)|K$. In this way, we obtain the classical formula $\pr{(XH|K)} =\pr{(X|HK)P(H|K)}$, by simply using linearity of prevision. Then, we consider the notion of general conditional prevision $\pr(X|Y)$, where $X$ and $Y$ are two random quantities, introduced in 1990 in a paper by Lad and Dickey. After recalling the case where $Y$ is an event, we consider the case of discrete finite random quantities and we make some critical comments and examples. We give a notion of coherence fo…

The current obsession of age-related diseases and the race in identifying effective treatments and preventive interventions

2017

International Bordetella pertussis assay standardization and harmonization meeting report. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georg…

2009

An international meeting on Bordetella pertussis assay standardization and harmonization was held at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, 19-20 July 2007. The goal of the meeting was to harmonize the immunoassays used for pertussis diagnostics and vaccine evaluation, as agreed upon by academic and government researchers, regulatory authorities, vaccine manufacturers, and the World Health Organization (WHO). The primary objectives were (1) to provide epidemiologic, laboratory, and statistical background for support of global harmonization; (2) to overview the current status of global epidemiology, pathogenesis and immunology of pertussis; (3) to develop a consen…

LINEE GUIDA CLINICHE PER LA PREVENZIONE DELLA CARDIOPATIA ISCHEMICA NELLA IPERCOLESTEROLEMIA FAMILIARE Una patologia sotto-diagnosticata e sotto-trat…

2013

AIMS. Familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) is a common genetic cause of premature coronary heart disease (CHD) due to lifelong elevated plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels. This paper aims to describe the problem of FH underdiagnosis and undertreatment and to promote CHD prevention providing recommendations for the screening and treatment of patients with FH. Methods and results. In many countries, less then 1% of FH patients are diagnosed, although the estimated prevalence of this condition is about 1/500 for heterozygous FH and the results of FH screening in a general population of Northern Europe suggest a prevalence of 1/200. Studies on FH patients agree on a widespre…

The association of uric acid with mortality modifies at old age: data from the uric acid right for heart health (URRAH) study

2021

Objectives: In older individuals, the role of serum uric acid (SUA) as risk factor for mortality is debated. This study investigated the association of SUA with all-cause and cardiovascular (CV) mortality in older adults participating in the large multicentre observational uric acid right for heart health (URRAH) study. Methods: Eight thousand URRAH participants aged 65+ were included in the analysis. The predictive role of SUA was assessed using Cox regression models stratified according to the cut-off age of 75. SUA was tested as continuous and categorical variable (age-specific quartiles). The prognostic threshold of SUA for mortality was analysed using receiver operating characteristic …

UN ELEVATO RAPPORTO NEUTROFILI-LINFOCITI AUMENTA IL RISCHIO DI EVENTI CARDIOVASCOLARI E DI DECLINO DELLA FUNZIONE RENALE IN UNA COORTE DI PAZIENTI IP…

2022

Scopo dello studio: Numerosi studi epidemiologici hanno evidenziato come l’infiammazione cronica low-grade, stimata attraverso il rapporto neutrofili-linfociti (NLR), sia collegata ai fattori di rischio cardiovascolari tradizionali e non. Scopo del nostro studio è stato quello di indagare sul potenziale ruolo prognostico del NLR riguardo la progressione della malattia renale cronica e l’insorgenza di eventi cardiovascolari avversi in una coorte di pazienti nefropatici e ipertesi. Materiali e metodi: In questo studio retrospettivo osservazionale sono stati consecutivamente selezionati 403 pazienti i nostri ambulatori di Nefrologia e Ipertensione. Ogni paziente è stato sottoposto a esame ob…

An Elevated Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio Increases the Risk of Cardiovascular Events and of Renal Function Decline in Hypertensive Patients with CKD

2021

Introduction: Many epidemiological studies have shown that low-grade chronic inflammation, estimated through the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), is linked to traditional and non-traditional cardiovascular (CV) risk factors. Aim: The aim of our study was to investigate the potential prognostic role of NLR regarding the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and the development of CV events in a cohort of renal and hypertensive patients. Methods: In this retrospective observational study, 403 patients consecutively attending our Nephrology and Hypertension clinics were included. At the baseline observation and control visits in all patients, in addition to the clinical-anamnestic eval…