Search results for "executive"
showing 10 items of 410 documents
Electrophysiological correlates of the cognitive control processes underpinning mixing and switching costs
2016
Typically, in task-switching contexts individuals are slower and less accurate when repeating a task in mixed blocks compared to single-task blocks (mixing cost) and when switching to a new task compared to repeating a previous one (switch cost). Previous research has shown that distinct electrophysiological correlates underlie these two phenomena. However, this evidence is not a consistent result. The goal of this study was to better characterize differences between the control processes involved in mixing and switch costs. To this aim, we examined event-related potentials (ERPs) evoked during a cued task-switching experiment. In order to minimize the confounding effects of cognitive deman…
Dissociable contributions of left and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in planning.
2010
It is well established that the mid-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) plays a critical role in planning. Neuroimaging studies have yielded predominantly bilateral dlPFC activations, but the existence and nature of functionally specific contributions of left and right dlPFC have remained elusive. In recent experiments, 2 independent parameters have been identified which substantially determine planning: 1) the degree of interdependence between consecutive steps (search depth) and 2) the degree to which the configuration of the goal state renders the order of single steps either clearly evident or ambiguous (goal hierarchy). Thus, search depth affects the actual mental generation and eva…
Executive dysfunction in children affected by obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: an observational study
2013
Maria Esposito,1 Lorenzo Antinolfi,1 Beatrice Gallai,2 Lucia Parisi,3 Michele Roccella,3 Rosa Marotta,4 Serena Marianna Lavano,4 Giovanni Mazzotta,5 Francesco Precenzano,1 Marco Carotenuto1 1Sleep Clinic for Developmental Age, Clinic of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy; 2Unit of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy; 3Child Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy; 4Department of Psychiatry, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy; 5Unit of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, AUSL Umb…
Funcionamiento ejecutivo y rendimiento matemático: un estudio longitudinal
2016
El objetivo del presente estudio longitudinal consistió en examinar el poder predictivo de las funciones ejecutivas de inhibición y memoria de trabajo (MT) evaluadas en Educación Infantil (T1) sobre los aspectos formales e informales del rendimiento matemático en 2º de Educación Primaria (T2). La muestra inicial estuvo conformada por 209 preescolares de 5 a 6 años, de los que un 86.12 % de los sujetos volvieron a ser evaluados en el T2 (7-8 años). En el T1, se administraron seis tareas neuropsicológicas relacionadas con las funciones ejecutivas de inhibición y MT verbal y visoespacial. En el T2, se aplicó la batería TEMA-3 (Gingsburg y Baroody, 2003) para evaluar diferentes aspectos relacio…
The multiple roles of national exams in the certification, governing and support of learning and instruction in Norwegian secondary education.
2018
Hvilke roller har eksamen i norsk grunnopplaering? I Forskrift til opplaeringslova framgar det blant annet at eksamenskarakteren skal fastsette kompetansen til eleven ved slutten av opplaeringen i faget. Denne artikkelen viser imidlertid at policydokumenter og policyutviklere har en rekke forventninger til hva man skal oppna ved a ha eksamen og hva man skal kunne benytte eksamensresultater til. I et samspill mellom teori og empiri identifiser artikkelen tre roller for vurdering: a sertifisere, styre og stotte laering og undervisning. Dette begrepsapparatet brukes til a analysere bade eksamens formelt definerte formal, og tilsiktede og utilsiktede funksjoner ved eksamenssystemet. Artikkelen …
Subclinical executive function impairment in children with asymptomatic, treated phenylketonuria: A comparison with children with immunodeficiency vi…
2018
In this study we compared the neuropsychological profile of phenylketonuria (PKU) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) to examine the specificity of the executive function (EF) impairment reported in these two patologies. A total of 55 age-matched children and adolescents were assessed, including 11 patients with PKU, 16 patients with HIV and 28 healthy controls, underwent a neuropsychological assessment. Although neither the PKU nor the HIV group scored below the normative ranges, both groups showed lower scores in neuropsychological tests engaging EFs than controls. In addition, compared to patients with PKU the HIV group performed significantly worse in the Trail-Making Test A, Corsi S…
Sports, Executive Functions and Academic Performance: A Comparison between Martial Arts, Team Sports, and Sedentary Children
2021
It is well known that curricular physical activity benefits children’s executive functions and academic performance. Therefore, this study aimed to determine whether there is an influence of extracurricular sports on executive functions and academic performance. However, it is less known which specific types of the sport better enhance executive functions in children
Effects of assisted training with neurofeedback on EEG measures, executive function and mood in a healthy sample
2015
The training in neurofeedback (NF) consists of teaching individuals to modify, adjust and enhance their brain activity pattern. The aim of our research was to evaluate the effect of training on cognitive processes, specifically executive function, and mood in a non-clinical sample. A sample of 30 female college students were assigned to three groups: RH: right hemisphere (n = 10), LH: left hemisphere (n = 10) and control (n = 10). The dominance pattern of beta and the inhibition of the theta pattern were trained in a single session. Measures of executive function (Iowa Gambling Test) and questionnaires of mood were taken pre and post training. We found that NF training produced significant …
The Neuropsychological Profile of Infantile Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
2011
It has been shown that children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) exhibit specific cognitive deficits. However, the neuropsychological profile has not yet been fully characterized. In order to control for the contribution of motor impairments as a confounding variable that is usually present when assessing children with muscular pathologies, we compared children with DMD to a group of children with an autoimmune pathology that does not entail either brain or cognitive dysfunction but does imply motor impairment: juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA). An extensive neuropsychological evaluation was administered, including intelligence, perception, language, memory and learning, attention, …
Preschool executive control on the Shape School task: Measurement considerations and utility.
2011
Executive functions (EF) necessary for purposeful goal-directed activities undergo rapid change and development during the preschool years. However, of the few psychometrically valid measures of EF suitable for use with preschoolers, information on task sensitivity and predictive validity is scant. The neurodevelopmental correlates of early executive difficulties are also largely unknown. In this study, the discriminant and predictive validity of the recently developed Shape School task (Espy, Bull, Martin, & Stroup, 2006) was examined with data from a regional sample of 209 preschool children at age 4 years. A 2-tiered measurement approach was used, with task completion examined in additio…