Search results for "glial cell"
showing 10 items of 48 documents
Mechanosensory Genes Pkd1 and Pkd2 Contribute to the Planar Polarization of Brain Ventricular Epithelium
2015
Directional beating of ependymal (E) cells9 cilia in the walls of the ventricles in the brain is essential for proper CSF flow. E cells display two forms of planar cell polarity (PCP): rotational polarity of individual cilium and translational polarity (asymmetric positioning of cilia in the apical area). The orientation of individual E cells varies according to their location in the ventricular wall (location-specific PCP). It has been hypothesized that hydrodynamic forces on the apical surface of radial glia cells (RGCs), the embryonic precursors of E cells, could guide location-specific PCP in the ventricular epithelium. However, the detection mechanisms for these hydrodynamic forces hav…
Epigenetic modifiers are necessary but not sufficient for reprogramming non-myelinating cells into myelin gene-expressing cells.
2010
Background Modifications on specific histone residues and DNA methylation play an essential role in lineage choice and cellular reprogramming. We have previously shown that histone modifications or combinatorial codes of transcription factors (TFs) are critical for the differentiation of multipotential progenitors into myelinating oligodendrocytes. In this study we asked whether combining global manipulation of DNA methylation and histone acetylation together with the expression of oligodendrocyte- specific TFs, was sufficient to switch the identity of fibroblasts into myelin gene-expressing cells. Methodology/Principal Findings Transfection of six oligodendrocyte-specific TFs (Olig1, Olig2…
GDF15: an emerging modulator of immunity and a strategy in COVID-19 in association with iron metabolism
2021
International audience; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a pandemic of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, known as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). SARS-CoV-2 encodes the structural proteins spike (S), envelope (E), membrane (M), and nucleocapsid (N). The receptor-binding domain on the surface subunit S1 is responsible for attachment of the virus to angiotensin (Ang)-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which is highly expressed in host cells. The cytokine storm observed in patients with COVID-19 contributes to the endothelial vascular dysfunction, which can lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome, multiorgan failure, alteration in iron homeostasi…
mGluR2/3 agonist LY379268, by enhancing the production of GDNF, induces a time-related phosphorylation of RET receptor and intracellular signaling Er…
2011
In the present study we aimed to verify if the enhancement of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) production in mouse striatum following treatment with LY379268 may also induce in the nigrostriatal system a time-related activation of RET receptor and its specific intracellular signaling. For this purpose, we have investigated the effects of LY379268 treatment on RET phosphorylation at the Tyr1062 and on downstream signaling Erk1/2, Akt and PLCγ1 pathway activation. The results showed that treatment with LY379268 (3 mg/kg) induces a significant increase of GDNF levels and time-related RET and Erk1/2 phosphorylation in the striatum. These increases were detected at 24 h and 48 …
Neuronal activity triggers uptake of hematopoietic extracellular vesicles in vivo
2019
Communication with the hematopoietic system is a vital component of regulating brain function in health and disease. Traditionally, the major routes considered for this neuroimmune communication are by individual molecules such as cytokines carried by blood, by neural transmission, or, in more severe pathologies, by the entry of peripheral immune cells into the brain. In addition, functional mRNA from peripheral blood can be directly transferred to neurons via extracellular vesicles (EVs), but the parameters that determine their uptake are unknown. Using varied animal models that stimulate neuronal activity by peripheral inflammation, optogenetics, and selective proteasome inhibition of dop…
Bi- and uniciliated ependymal cells define continuous floor-plate-derived tanycytic territories
2017
Multiciliated ependymal (E1) cells line the brain ventricles and are essential for brain homeostasis. We previously identified in the lateral ventricles a rare ependymal subpopulation (E2) with only two cilia and unique basal bodies. Here we show that E2 cells form a distinct biciliated epithelium extending along the ventral third into the fourth ventricle. In the third ventricle floor, apical profiles with only primary cilia define an additional uniciliated (E3) epithelium. E2 and E3 cells' ultrastructure, marker expression and basal processes indicate that they correspond to subtypes of tanycytes. Using sonic hedgehog lineage tracing, we show that the third and fourth ventricle E2 and E3 …
Lung injury does not aggravate mechanical ventilation-induced early cerebral inflammation or apoptosis in an animal model.
2018
INTRODUCTION:The acute respiratory distress syndrome is not only associated with a high mortality, but also goes along with cognitive impairment in survivors. The cause for this cognitive impairment is still not clear. One possible mechanism could be cerebral inflammation as result of a "lung-brain-crosstalk". Even mechanical ventilation itself can induce cerebral inflammation. We hypothesized, that an acute lung injury aggravates the cerebral inflammation induced by mechanical ventilation itself and leads to neuronal damage. METHODS:After approval of the institutional and state animal care committee 20 pigs were randomized to one of three groups: lung injury by central venous injection of …
The LIM Homeodomain Factor Lhx2 Is Required for Hypothalamic Tanycyte Specification and Differentiation
2014
Hypothalamic tanycytes, a radial glial-like ependymal cell population that expresses numerous genes selectively enriched in embryonic hypothalamic progenitors and adult neural stem cells, have recently been observed to serve as a source of adult-born neurons in the mammalian brain. The genetic mechanisms that regulate the specification and maintenance of tanycyte identity are unknown, but are critical for understanding how these cells can act as adult neural progenitor cells. We observe that LIM (Lin-11, Isl-1, Mec-3)-homeodomain geneLhx2is selectively expressed in hypothalamic progenitor cells and tanycytes. To test the function ofLhx2in tanycyte development, we used an intersectional gene…
Time-course of GDNF and its receptor expression after brain injury in the rat
2008
Abstract The aim of the present work was to perform, by in situ hybridization, a time-course analysis of the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and its receptor mRNA expression in two models of brain injury in the rat: (a) excitotoxic lesion by ibotenic acid injection in the hippocampal formation; (b) mechanical lesion by needle insertion through the cerebral cortex including the white matter of the corpus callosum. The time-course analysis, ranging from 6 h to 8 days, showed that the GDNF and its receptor (RET, GFRα-1 and GFRα-2) mRNA expressions were differentially up-regulated in both models of lesion. This in vivo regulation of the GDNF and its receptor mRNA expression i…
Protein expression profiling suggests relevance of noncanonical pathways in isolated pulmonary embolism
2019
Abstract Patients with isolated pulmonary embolism (PE) have a distinct clinical profile from those with deep vein thrombosis (DVT)-associated PE, with more pulmonary conditions and atherosclerosis. These findings suggest a distinct molecular pathophysiology and the potential involvement of alternative pathways in isolated PE. To test this hypothesis, data from 532 individuals from the Genotyping and Molecular Phenotyping of Venous ThromboEmbolism Project, a multicenter prospective cohort study with extensive biobanking, were analyzed. Targeted, high-throughput proteomics, machine learning, and bioinformatic methods were applied to contrast the acute-phase plasma proteomes of isolated PE pa…