Search results for "growth"

Synthesis of Macromolecular Substances by Condensation Polymerization and Stepwise Addition Polymerization

2001

Condensation polymerizations (polycondensations) are stepwise reactions between bifunctional or polyfunctional components, with elimination of simple molecules such as water or alcohol and the formation of macromolecular substances. For the preparation of linear condensation polymers from bifunctional compounds (the same considerations apply to polyfunctional compounds which then lead to branched or crosslinked condensation polymers) there are basically two possibilities. One either starts from a monomer which has two unlike groups suitable for polycondensation (AB type), or one starts from two different monomers, each possessing a pair of identical reactive groups that can react with each …

1977

The solution polymerization of styrene in methylene dichloride catalysed by trifluoromethanesulfonic acid takes place at a high rate even at low catalyst concentration. The S-shaped course of the conversion curves is explained by a reaction mechanism, in which the catalyst rapidly forms an inactive complex with one monomer molecule, and this monomer-acid complex is in equilibrium with the free catalyst molecule from which the propagating species are formed. Therefore, the formation of active initiating species becomes a slow process which depends also on the change of monomer concentration during polymerization. It is assumed that the active initiating species are formed from two or three m…

ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antiproliferative Activity of Novel 3-(Indazol-3-yl)-quinazolin-4(3H)-one and 3-(Indazol-3-yl)-benzotriazin-4(3H)-…

2010

Several new 3-(indazol-3-yl)-quinazolin-4(3H)-one and 3-(indazol-3-yl)-benzotriazin-4(3H)-one derivatives 5 and 6 were synthesized and tested for their in vitro antiproliferative activity against Raji, K562, and K562-R cell lines. The pharmacological screening showed that some 2, 6, or 7-substituted quinazolinones 5 posses a significant antiproliferative activity, with a percentage growth inhibition ranging from 44.8% to 100% at 50 microM, which was higher than that showed by the unsubstituted derivative 5a previously synthesized. For the most active compounds 5d, 5f, and 5g the IC50 were recorded.

General Cytotoxicity Assessment by Means of the MTT Assay

2014

Cytotoxicity assays were among the first in vitro bioassay methods used to predict toxicity of substances to various tissues. In vitro cytotoxicity testing provides a crucial means for safety assessment and screening, and for ranking compounds. The choice of using a particular cytotoxicity assay technology may be influenced by specific research goals. As such, four main classes of assays are used to monitor the response of cultured cells after treatment with potential toxicants. These methods measure viability, cell membrane integrity, cell proliferation, and metabolic activity. In this chapter, we focus on the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide tetrazolium reducti…

Data from: Effects of food abundance and early clutch predation on reproductive timing in a high Arctic shorebird exposed to advancements in arthropo…

2017

Climate change may influence the phenology of organisms unequally across trophic levels and thus lead to phenological mismatches between predators and prey. In cases where prey availability peaks before reproducing predators reach maximal prey demand, any negative fitness consequences would selectively favor resynchronization by earlier starts of the reproductive activities of the predators. At a study site in northeast Greenland, over a period of 17 years, the median emergence of the invertebrate prey of Sanderling Calidris alba advanced with 1.27 days per year. Yet, over the same period Sanderling did not advance hatching date. Thus, Sanderlings increasingly hatched after their prey was m…

The influence of the out-of-family care institutions onto child’s development

2013

The article offers the analysis of the out-of-family care institutions and their influence on child’s development. Despite the fact that the institutional out-of-family care provides the subject with physical security and satisfies his basic needs it cannot provide the most important aspect of the development of the child - the close relationship with at least of one of the adults who would be able to captivate and become a legal guardian for several years.

Update on gingival overgrowth by cyclosporine A in renal transplants

2007

Severe gingival overgrowth is one of the most frequent side effects in renal transplant patients associated with assumption of cyclosporine A. Several associations with age, sex, dosage, duration of therapy or interval since transplantation have been hypothesized. The introduction of alternative immunosuppressant drugs have been suggested to permit better long-term transplant outcomes and a decrease in incidence of gingival overgrowth. The aim of the present paper is to summarize current knowledge regarding aetiology, pathogenesis and management of gingival overgrowth induced by Cyclosporine A. El sobrecrecimiento gingival severo es uno de los efectos adversos más frecuentes en los paciente…

Renewable Energy Technologies for Economic Development

2020

Indonesian villages are facing dangerous condition. Every year, young people are deserting the villages. To overcome this problem, Tangsi Jaya hamlet, West Java, has been provided with 18 kW micro-hydro to supply electricity both to the community and to Small Processing Center for ground coffee production. Results of cash flow analysis for ground coffee in Tangsi Jaya hamlet, with total investment of IDR 110 750 000 and discount rate of 18 % for 5 yr. Banyumeneng I hamlet, Yogyakarta with an investment cost IDR 95 000 000 and production cost of IDR 34 195 000 yr–1 and the interest rate of 14 % yr–1, the payback period was estimated to be 3 yr with ROI of 40 %. PEST analysics indicate that t…

On the trail of local welfare innovations in rural Finland

2019

Final Draft In Finland, the rural areas have been most affected by the developments threatening the survival of the welfare state as well as by conflicting efforts to save it. However, there are rural communities that have—as a response to the mainstream policy emphasizing economic efficiency and individual responsibility—developed innovative solutions to secure their welfare. Based on a case study focusing on two of such communities, these local welfare innovations are a result from a combination of external causes and local resources including the sense of community and a diverse enough community structure. The authors argue that in the context of welfare policy, the promotion of local we…

Neuronal Growth and Behavioral Alterations in Mice Deficient for the Psychiatric Disease-Associated Negr1 Gene

2018

Neuronal growth regulator 1 (NEGR1), a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily cell adhesion molecule subgroup IgLON, has been implicated in neuronal growth and connectivity. In addition, genetic variants in or near the NEGR1 locus have been associated with obesity and more recently with learning difficulties, intellectual disability and psychiatric disorders. However, experimental evidence is lacking to support a possible link between NEGR1, neuronal growth and behavioral abnormalities. Initial expression analysis of NEGR1 mRNA in C57Bl/6 wildtype (WT) mice by in situ hybridization demonstrated marked expression in the entorhinal cortex (EC) and dentate granule cells. In co-cultures of co…