Search results for "host"

Viral fitness correlates with the magnitude and direction of the perturbation induced in the host’s transcriptome: the tobacco etch Potyvirus—tobacco…

2018

Determining the fitness of viral genotypes has become a standard practice in virology as it is essential to evaluate their evolutionary potential. Darwinian fitness, defined as the advantage of a given genotype with respect to a reference one, is a complex property that captures, in a single figure, differences in performance at every stage of viral infection. To what extent does viral fitness result from specific molecular interactions with host factors and regulatory networks during infection? Can we identify host genes in functional classes whose expression depends on viral fitness? Here, we compared the transcriptomes of tobacco plants infected with seven genotypes of tobacco etch potyv…

Milker's nodule: an occupational infection and threat to the immunocompromised

2017

Milker's nodule virus, also called paravaccinia virus is a DNA virus of the parapoxvirus genus transmitted from infected cows to humans. It results from contact with cattle, cattle byproducts, or fomites. Classified as an occupational disorder, those at risk of exposure include farmers, butchers, and agricultural tourists. The viral infection begins 5-15 days after inoculation as an erythematous-purple, round nodule with a clear depressed center, and a surrounding erythematous ring. While familiar to those in farming communities, the presence of the nodule may be concerning to others, particularly the immunosuppressed. Milker's nodules are self-limited in immunocompetent individuals and hea…

Viral Bcl2s' transmembrane domain interact with host Bcl2 proteins to control cellular apoptosis

2020

© The Author(s) 2020.

Parasites Dampen Dendritic Cell Activation to Ensure Their Survival

2017

Dendritic cells (DCs) are critical for induction of protective immunity against Leishmania major. However, DC activation occurs only several weeks after parasite transmission. Parasites synthesize a macrophage-inducible C-type lectin (Mincle) ligand. Engagement of Mincle by the parasite ligand dampens DC activation, thus delaying induction of interferon-γ-producing T cells responsible for parasite eradication.

Chaperoning the Mononegavirales: Current Knowledge and Future Directions

2018

This article belongs to the Special Issue Breakthroughs in Viral Replication.

Multi-level integration of environmentally perturbed internal phenotypes reveals key points of connectivity between them

2017

The genotype and external phenotype of organisms are linked by so-called internal phenotypes which are influenced by environmental conditions. In this study, we used five existing -omics datasets representing five different layers of internal phenotypes, which were simultaneously measured in dietarily perturbed mice. We performed 10 pair-wise correlation analyses verified with a null model built from randomized data. Subsequently, the inferred networks were merged and literature mined for co-occurrences of identified linked nodes. Densely connected internal phenotypes emerged. Forty-five nodes have links with all other data-types and we denote them "connectivity hubs." In literature, we fou…

Association between urticaria and nematode infections

2018

Background The association between parasites and urticaria was first suggested in the last century. A wide range, 0-75.4%, of the prevalence of parasitic infection has been reported with chronic urticaria (CU). Moreover, urticaria may be detected in patients with parasitosis. Nematodes are a type of helminth that infect hundreds of millions of people throughout the world. Objective The aim of this work was to collect and review the published studies and cases of urticaria associated with nematode infections. Methods A search of scientific literature data bases from January 1960 until May 2017 was carried out. Results Numerous nematode infections have been associated with urticaria and/or an…

The microbiome in respiratory medicine: current challenges and future perspectives

2017

The healthy lung has previously been considered to be a sterile organ because standard microbiological culture techniques consistently yield negative results. However, culture-independent techniques report that large numbers of microorganisms coexist in the lung. There are many unknown aspects in the field, but available reports show that the lower respiratory tract microbiota: 1) is similar in healthy subjects to the oropharyngeal microbiota and dominated by members of the Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria phyla; 2) shows changes in smokers and well-defined differences in chronic respiratory diseases, although the temporal and spatial kinetics of these changes are only partially…

In cutaneous leishmaniasis, induction of retinoic acid in skin-derived Langerhans cells is not sufficient for induction of parasite persistence-media…

2017

The interactions between host glycobiology, bacterial microbiota, and viruses in the gut

2018

Rotavirus (RV) and norovirus (NoV) are the major etiological agents of viral acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Host genetic factors, the histo-blood group antigens (HBGA), are associated with RV and NoV susceptibility and recent findings additionally point to HBGA as a factor modulating the intestinal microbial composition. In vitro and in vivo experiments in animal models established that the microbiota enhances RV and NoV infection, uncovering a triangular interplay between RV and NoV, host glycobiology, and the intestinal microbiota that ultimately influences viral infectivity. Studies on the microbiota composition in individuals displaying different RV and NoV susceptibilities allowed th…