Search results for "instructions"
showing 10 items of 21 documents
Fear expression and return of fear following threat instruction with or without direct contingency experience
2016
Prior research showed that mere instructions about the contingency between a conditioned stimulus (CS) and an unconditioned stimulus (US) can generate fear reactions to the CS. Little is known, however, about the extent to which actual CS-US contingency experience adds anything beyond the effect of contingency instructions. Our results extend previous studies on this topic in that it included fear potentiated startle as an additional dependent variable and examined return of fear (ROF) following reinstatement. We observed that CS-US pairings can enhance fear reactions beyond the effect of contingency instructions. Moreover, for all measures of fear, instructions elicited immediate fear reac…
An Internet-Based Self-Help Treatment for Fear of Public Speaking: A Controlled Trial
2010
Abstract This study offers data about the efficacy of “Talk to Me,” an Internet-based telepsychology program for the treatment of fear of public speaking that includes the most active components in cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) for social phobia (exposure and cognitive therapies). One hundred twenty-seven participants with social phobia were randomly assigned to three experimental conditions: (a) an Internet-based self-administered program; (b) the same program applied by a therapist; (c) a waiting-list control group. Results showed that both treatment conditions were equally efficacious. In addition, Talk to Me and the same treatment applied by a therapist were more efficacious than the…
Effects of instruction on acquisition and extinction of electrodermal responses to fear-relevant stimuli.
1977
In the present study we examined the hypothesis that electrodermal responses conditioned to fear-relevant stimuli are insensitive to verbal instructions. In the first experiment, different groups of subjects were conditioned to fear-relevant and fear-irrelevant control stimuli in a long interstimulus interval differential paradigm with shock as the unconditioned stimulus. Then half of the subjects were informed that no more shocks would be presented, and a number of extinction trials followed. The instruction completely abolished responding to fear-irrelevant stimuli, while leaving responses to the fear-relevant stimuli unaffected. In the second experiment, subjects were "conditioned" to fe…
Instructions for External Focus of Attention Improved Taekwondo Kicking Performance Only Among Less Skilled Youth
2022
External focus of attention (EFA) studies among children have yielded more equivocal results than have those among adults. Some investigators have found an internal focus of attention (IFA) advantage in children and have explained their results by children’s generally lower skill levels, compared to adults. According to the constrained action hypothesis, children’s lower skill levels are not yet associated with over-learned automatic movement patterns, so their motor performance is not disrupted by IFA instructions. In this study, our objective was to examine a possible interaction effect between children’s skill levels and their exposure to either IFA or EFA instructions on motor performa…
The role of perspective on students’ use of multiple documents to solve an openended Task
2013
AbstractMcCrudden & Schraw (2007) show how students’ interaction with a text is mediated by the instructions they are presented with. Specifically, perspective instructions prompt readers to use background knowledge to evaluate text from an assigned point of view. Research on perspective in single texts has demonstrated that readers confer relevance on text segments that are consistent with the assigned perspective (Pichert & Anderson, 1977). This work has tested the effects of perspective when reading conflicting information from multiple documents to perform an open-ended task, as well as has studied if the trustworthiness of a source exerts any influence on students’ decision to use info…
La vocalidad del violín en el norte de Italia en torno a 1600
2021
Throughout the present research I intend to demonstrate the powerful link between the vocal practice in accompanied monody and the way Early Italian violin music ought to be interpreted. Due to the scarce amount of articulation and ornamentation in this music, I consider that historical criteria should be found in order to back up the subjective choices in its performance. According to this, I focus on reviewing sources that describe the vocal practice around 1600, but also contemporary sources in which we can find instructions addressed to bow instruments. Besides, a catalogue of articulations and ornamentations present in early editions of printed violin music is attached. Last, I comment…
Exploiting selective instruction reuse and value prediction in a superscalar architecture
2009
In our previously published research we discovered some very difficult to predict branches, called unbiased branches. Since the overall performance of modern processors is seriously affected by misprediction recovery, especially these difficult branches represent a source of important performance penalties. Our statistics show that about 28% of branches are dependent on critical Load instructions. Moreover, 5.61% of branches are unbiased and depend on critical Loads, too. In the same way, about 21% of branches depend on MUL/DIV instructions whereas 3.76% are unbiased and depend on MUL/DIV instructions. These dependences involve high-penalty mispredictions becoming serious performance obstac…
Pattern analyses reveal separate experience-based fear memories in the human right Amygdala
2017
Learning fear via the experience of contingencies between a conditioned stimulus (CS) and an aversive unconditioned stimulus (US) is often assumed to be fundamentally different from learning fear via instructions. An open question is whether fear-related brain areas respond differently to experienced CS–US contingencies than to merely instructed CS–US contingencies. Here, we contrasted two experimental conditions where subjects were instructed to expect the same CS–US contingencies while only one condition was characterized by prior experience with the CS–US contingency. Using multivoxel pattern analysis of fMRI data, we found CS-related neural activation patterns in the right amygdala (but…
CUDASW++ 3.0: accelerating Smith-Waterman protein database search by coupling CPU and GPU SIMD instructions
2013
Background The maximal sensitivity for local alignments makes the Smith-Waterman algorithm a popular choice for protein sequence database search based on pairwise alignment. However, the algorithm is compute-intensive due to a quadratic time complexity. Corresponding runtimes are further compounded by the rapid growth of sequence databases. Results We present CUDASW++ 3.0, a fast Smith-Waterman protein database search algorithm, which couples CPU and GPU SIMD instructions and carries out concurrent CPU and GPU computations. For the CPU computation, this algorithm employs SSE-based vector execution units as accelerators. For the GPU computation, we have investigated for the first time a GPU …
Arbeitsanweisungen zu Videomitschnitten in digitalen Lehrendenbildungskonferenzen
2021
The article investigates how digital conferences are interactionally accomplished by the participants in an international education and training project for teachers of German as a Foreign Language. From the perspective of multimodal conversation analysis, we focus on how the moderator transforms the model for working with the recorded lessons into instructions to the teachers in the ongoing conference and how the teachers subsequently orient their contributions to the instructions. It is seen that the moderator’s instructions increasingly depart from the model and accommodate the teachers’ work practices. In addition, the teachers and the project assistant repeatedly display uncertainty ab…