Search results for "insulin"

Pharmacotherapy for gestational diabetes

2018

Introduction: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) represents impaired carbohydrate metabolism during pregnancy and is characterized by progressive insulin resistance and compensatory hyperinsulinaemia. If inadequately treated, it may lead to fetal macrosomia and other adverse outcomes. Areas covered: In this review, the authors summarize the current evidence from studies on the use of insulin and other agents for the treatment of women with GDM. Expert opinion: Lifestyle management is of paramount importance for the treatment of GDM. In pharmacotherapy, insulin remains the long-established mainstay of treatment. NPH (Neutral Protamine Hagedorn) and soluble human insulin have long been estab…

Glucose metabolism and self-regulation — Is insulin resistance a valid proxy of self-control?

2016

Abstract Glucose metabolism has been suggested as an underlying biological factor of self-control stimulating a range of studies exploring the associations between glucose and self-control. Research on interindividual trait-like differences in glucose metabolism and self-control is sparse, as most previous research has focused on associations between state self-control performance and momentary glucose levels. In two experiments in healthy participants (n = 60, mean age 35.2 ± 13.9, 58% women; n = 103, mean age 25.8 ± 6.3, 67% women) consisting of a baseline assessment and a laboratory session, we examined whether trait markers of glucose metabolism (fasting glucose levels, oral glucose tol…

Influence of Menstrual Cycle or Hormonal Contraceptive Phase on Energy Intake and Metabolic Hormones—A Pilot Study

2021

Sex hormones are suggested to influence energy intake (EI) and metabolic hormones. This study investigated the influence of menstrual cycle (MC) and hormonal contraceptive (HC) cycle phases on EI, energy availability (EA), and metabolic hormones in recreational athletes (eumenorrheic, NHC = 15 and monophasic HC-users, CHC = 9). In addition, 72-h dietary and training logs were collected in addition to blood samples, which were analyzed for 17β-estradiol (E2), progesterone (P4), leptin, total ghrelin, insulin, and tri-iodothyronine (T3). Measurements were completed at four time-points (phases): Bleeding, mid-follicular (FP)/active 1, ovulation (OVU)/active 2, mid-luteal (LP)/inactive in NHC/C…

2019

The main purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of frequency, thereby increasing training volume, of resistance training on body composition, inflammation markers, lipid and glycemic profile in healthy older individuals (age range 65-75 year). Ninety-two healthy participants were randomly assigned to one of four groups; performing strength training one- (EX1), two- (EX2), or three- (EX3) times-per-week and a non-training control (CON) group. Whole-body strength training was performed using 2-5 sets and 4-12 repetitions per exercise and 7-9 exercises per session. All training groups attended supervised resistance training for 6 months. Body composition was measured by dua…

The consumption of a bread enriched with dietary fibre and l-carnitine improves glucose homoeostasis and insulin sensitivity in patients with metabol…

2015

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a bakery product enriched with dietary fibre and L-carnitine in countering glucose homoeostasis and insulin sensitivity in patients with and without MetS. This was a 12-week, double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial employing fifty-four subjects (28 with MetS and 26 without MetS). After one month (run-in period), subjects were divided into two intervention groups: one received dietary fibre (5.59 g of soluble fibre and 9.49 g of insoluble fibre) plus 2325 mg of L-carnitine enriched bread (n = 26) and the other received placebo bread (n = 28). Anthropometric measurements, biochemical parameters inflammatory markers and LDL subfra…

Mechanisms inactivating the gene for E-cadherin in sporadic gastric carcinomas

2006

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause for elevated liver enzymes in the developed nations. Beyond prevention programs which are of particular interest because of the increasing number of overweight children, treatment should be focussed on the most important risk factors, obesity and insulin resistance. As a consequence of elucidating the pathomechanisms of NAFLD, the number of potential therapeutic options increased. However, many studies investigating the therapeutic effect show shortcomings in at least one of the following points: lack of a serial liver biopsy, short term of treatment and limited number of included patients. The second generation insulin sensi…

Effect of weight loss on C3 and C4 components of complement in obese patients

2011

Eur J Clin Invest 2012; 42 (5): 503–509 Abstract Background  Circulating C3 levels are elevated in obese patients, but how this factor is affected after weight loss through diet is a question that is yet unanswered. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of weight loss on lipid and hydrocarbonated metabolism parameters and on the levels of C3 and C4 components of complement in obese patients. Design  This is a longitudinal intervention study based on a 6-week very low-calorie diet (VLCD), a liquid formula of 603 kcal/day. A total of 131 middle-aged patients were distributed among grades II, III and IV of obesity. Anthropometric parameters, total cholesterol, triglyceri…

THE METABOLIC SYNDROME IN HYPERTENSION

2019

The metabolic syndrome (MS) is currently considered to be a cluster of metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors including blood pressure elevation. A higher risk to develop hypertension in MS subjects with high-normal blood pressure has been observed and, when hypertension is established, seems to be what confers a higher cardiovascular risk on top of the risk induced by blood pressure elevation. Therefore, assessment of MS components can result in clinical utility strategy to manage hypertension based on individual risk. The main mechanisms for blood pressure elevation include overactivity of the sympathetic and the reninangiotensin system, abnormal renal sodium handling, and endothelial …

Relationships Between Biochemical Markers of Hyperandrogenism and Metabolic Parameters in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Systematic Review a…

2019

AbstractWhile several studies have documented an increased risk of metabolic disorders in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), associations between androgenic and metabolic parameters in these patients are unclear. We aimed to investigate the relationships between biochemical markers of hyperandrogenism (HA) and metabolic parameters in women with PCOS. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, a literature search was performed in the PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science from 2000 to 2018 for assessing androgenic and metabolic parameters in PCOS patients. To assess the relationships between androgenic and metabolic parameters, meta-regression analys…

Ovarian and Adrenal Hyperandrogenism

2007

Because in normal women androgens are secreted in almost equal quantities by both adrenals and ovaries, for many years many studies have tried to distinguish the source of androgen excess. However, in the last 10-15 years, the diagnoses of ovarian or adrenal hyperandrogenism have almost disappeared. This is due to the lack of specificity of dynamic tests as well as to the emphasis given on clinical information and ovarian sonography for the diagnosis of hyperandrogenic syndromes. However, determination of the source of increased androgens may still be useful for improving the classification and the understanding of androgen excess disorders. The aim of this review is to examine the source o…