Search results for "interpretatio."
showing 10 items of 1068 documents
A non-linear optimization procedure to estimate distances and instantaneous substitution rate matrices under the GTR model.
2006
Abstract Motivation: The general-time-reversible (GTR) model is one of the most popular models of nucleotide substitution because it constitutes a good trade-off between mathematical tractability and biological reality. However, when it is applied for inferring evolutionary distances and/or instantaneous rate matrices, the GTR model seems more prone to inapplicability than more restrictive time-reversible models. Although it has been previously noted that the causes for intractability are caused by the impossibility of computing the logarithm of a matrix characterised by negative eigenvalues, the issue has not been investigated further. Results: Here, we formally characterize the mathematic…
Casimir-Polder forces, boundary conditions and fluctuations
2008
We review different aspects of the atom-atom and atom-wall Casimir-Polder forces. We first discuss the role of a boundary condition on the interatomic Casimir-Polder potential between two ground-state atoms, and give a physically transparent interpretation of the results in terms of vacuum fluctuations and image atomic dipoles. We then discuss the known atom-wall Casimir-Polder force for ground- and excited-state atoms, using a different method which is also suited for extension to time-dependent situations. Finally, we consider the fluctuation of the Casimir-Polder force between a ground-state atom and a conducting wall, and discuss possible observation of this force fluctuation.
Powerful short-cuts for multiple testing procedures with special reference to gatekeeping strategies.
2007
In this paper we present a general testing principle for a class of multiple testing problems based on weighted hypotheses. Under moderate conditions, this principle leads to powerful consonant multiple testing procedures. Furthermore, short-cut versions can be derived, which simplify substantially the implementation and interpretation of the related test procedures. It is shown that many well-known multiple test procedures turn out to be special cases of this general principle. Important examples include gatekeeping procedures, which are often applied in clinical trials when primary and secondary objectives are investigated, and multiple test procedures based on hypotheses which are comple…
The “ThreePlusOne” Likelihood-Based Test Statistics: Unified Geometrical and Graphical Interpretations
2014
The presentation of the well known Likelihood Ratio, Wald and Score test statistics in textbooks appears to lack a unified graphical and geometrical interpretation. We present two simple graphical representations on a common scale for these three test statistics, and also the recently proposed Gradient test statistic. These unified graphical displays may favour better understanding of the geometrical meaning of the likelihood based statistics and provide useful insights into their connections.
Inferential tools in penalized logistic regression for small and sparse data: A comparative study.
2016
This paper focuses on inferential tools in the logistic regression model fitted by the Firth penalized likelihood. In this context, the Likelihood Ratio statistic is often reported to be the preferred choice as compared to the ‘traditional’ Wald statistic. In this work, we consider and discuss a wider range of test statistics, including the robust Wald, the Score, and the recently proposed Gradient statistic. We compare all these asymptotically equivalent statistics in terms of interval estimation and hypothesis testing via simulation experiments and analyses of two real datasets. We find out that the Likelihood Ratio statistic does not appear the best inferential device in the Firth penal…
Test and power considerations for multiple endpoint analyses using sequentially rejective graphical procedures
2009
A variety of powerful test procedures are available for the analysis of clinical trials addressing multiple objectives, such as comparing several treatments with a control, assessing the benefit of a new drug for more than one endpoint, etc. However, some of these procedures have reached a level of complexity that makes it difficult to communicate the underlying test strategies to clinical teams. Graphical approaches have been proposed instead that facilitate the derivation and communication of Bonferroni-based closed test procedures. In this paper we give a coherent description of the methodology and illustrate it with a real clinical trial example. We further discuss suitable power measur…
Workers, the self-employed and TRADEs: Conceptualisation and collective rights in Spain
2019
The subjective scope of application of Labour Law is set by the Statute of Labour. Nevertheless, the interpretation of the Courts is crucial to understand who is a worker in Spain. In this study, the criteria set by the Spanish courts and their evolution are analysed. Recently, the Spanish Supreme Court seems to have abandoned the ‘control test’ criteria for classifying workers and has moved towards a personal conceptualisation of work. This paper shows rulings that prove this evolution. Moreover, Spain has its own Self-employed Workers’ Statute applicable to common self-employed workers and economically dependent self-employees (TRADEs). In this paper I analyse the concept of both types a…
Iron(III) bis(pyrazol-1-yl)acetate based decanuclear metallacycles: synthesis, structure, magnetic properties and DFT calculations
2016
The synthesis, structural aspects, magnetic interpretation and theoretical rationalizations for a new member of the ferric wheel family, a decanuclear iron(III) complex with the formula [Fe10(bdtbpza)10(μ2-OCH3)20] (1), featuring the N,N,O tridentate bis(3,5-di-tert-butylpyrazol-1-yl)acetate ligand, are reported. The influence of the steric effect on both the core geometry and coordination mode is observed. Temperature dependent (2.0–300 K range) magnetic susceptibility studies carried out on complexes 1 established unequivocally antiferromagnetic (AF) interactions between high-spin iron(III) centers (S = 5/2), leading to a ground state S = 0. The mechanism of AF intramolecular coupling was…
Cornering (3+1) sterile neutrino schemes
2001
Using the most recent atmospheric neutrino data, as well as short-baseline, long-baseline and tritium $\beta$-decay data we show that the joint interpretation of the LSND, solar and atmospheric neutrino anomalies in (3+1) sterile neutrino schemes is severely disfavored, in contrast to the theoretically favored (2+2) schemes.
High-resolution crystal structure of an avidin-related protein: insight into high-affinity biotin binding and protein stability.
2004
The chicken avidin gene belongs to an extended gene family encoding seven avidin-related genes (AVRs), of which only avidin is expressed in the chicken. The sequences of AVR4 and AVR5 are identical and the common protein (AVR4) has been expressed both in insect and bacterial systems. The recombinant proteins are similarly hyperthermostable and bind biotin with similarly high affinities. AVR4 was crystallized in the apo and biotin-complexed forms and their structures were determined at high resolution. Its tertiary and quaternary structures are very similar to those of avidin and streptavidin. Its biotin-binding site shows only a few alterations compared with those of avidin and streptavidin…