Search results for "mitochondrion"

Mitochondria and T2D: Role of Autophagy, ER Stress, and Inflammasome.

2020

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is one of the main current threats to human health. Both T2D and its numerous clinical complications are related to mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. Over the past decade, great progress has been made in extending our knowledge about the signaling events regulated by mitochondria. However, the links among mitochondrial impairment, oxidative stress, autophagy, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and activation of the inflammasome still need to be clarified. In light of this deficit, we aim to provide a review of the existing literature concerning the complicated crosstalk between mitochondrial impairment, autophagy, ER stress, and the inflammasome in the mo…

Heavy Metals and Metalloids as Autophagy Inducing Agents: Focus on Cadmium and Arsenic

2012

In recent years, research on the autophagic process has greatly increased, invading the fields of biology and medicine. Several markers of the autophagic process have been discovered and various strategies have been reported studying this molecular process in different biological systems in both physiological and stress conditions. Furthermore, mechanisms of metalloid- or heavy metal-induced toxicity continue to be of interest given the ubiquitous nature and distribution of these contaminants in the environment where they often play the role of pollutants of numerous organisms. The aim of this review is a critical analysis and correlation of knowledge of autophagic mechanisms studied under …

Role of Reduced Lipoic Acid in the Redox Regulation of Mitochondrial Aldehyde Dehydrogenase (ALDH-2) Activity

2007

Chronic therapy with nitroglycerin results in a rapid development of nitrate tolerance, which is associated with an increased production of reactive oxygen species. We have recently shown that mitochondria are an important source of nitroglycerin-induced oxidants and that the nitroglycerin-bioactivating mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase is oxidatively inactivated in the setting of tolerance. Here we investigated the effect of various oxidants on aldehyde dehydrogenase activity and its restoration by dihydrolipoic acid. In vivo tolerance in Wistar rats was induced by infusion of nitroglycerin (6.6 microg/kg/min, 4 days). Vascular reactivity was measured by isometric tension studies of iso…

Prebiotic Xylo-oligosaccharides Targeting Faecalibacterium prausnitzii Prevent High Fat Diet-induced Hepatic Steatosis in Rats

2020

Understanding the importance of gut microbiota (GM) in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has raised the hope for therapeutic microbes. We have shown that high hepatic fat associated with low abundance of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in humans and further, administration of F. prausnitzii prevented NAFLD in mice. Here, we aimed to target F. prausnitzii by prebiotic xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) to treat NAFLD. First, the effect of XOS on F. prausnitzii growth was assessed in vitro. Then, XOS was supplemented or not with high (HFD) or low (LFD) fat-diet for 12-weeks in Wistar rats (n=10/group). XOS increased F. prausnitzii growth having only minor impact on the GM composition. When supp…

Corrigendum to “A Drosophila model of GDAP1 function reveals the involvement of insulin signalling in the mitochondria-dependent neuromuscular degene…

2019

Grp78 overexpression triggers pink1-ip3 r-mediated neuroprotective mitophagy

2021

An experimental model of spinal root avulsion (RA) is useful to study causal molecular programs that drive retrograde neurodegeneration after neuron-target disconnection. This neurode-generative process shares common characteristics with neuronal disease-related processes such as the presence of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and autophagy flux blockage. We previously found that the overexpression of GRP78 promoted motoneuronal neuroprotection after RA. After that, we aimed to unravel the underlying mechanism by carrying out a comparative unbiased proteomic analysis and pharmacological and genetic interventions. Unexpectedly, mitochondrial factors turned out to be most altered when GRP78…

l ‐carnitine: Structure and Function

2011

l-carnitine is found in nearly all living cells. l-carnitine present in human body can be either provided by a biosynthetic pathway or by food. Carnitine plays a major role in lipid and energy metabolism. In the human body, the primary role of l-carnitine is to shuttle long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondria where they are used to produce energy. l-carnitine is also involved in the peroxisomal oxidative metabolism and serves as a cofactor for various enzymatic reactions. Several reports suggest that l-carnitine may act as an anti-oxidant agent and limit the deleterious effects of free radicals. Many studies have estimated the role and the potential effectiveness of l-carnitine in vario…

Cytochrome oxidase activity in the mitochondria of unfertilized and fertilized sea urchin eggs

1959

Abstract The cytochrome oxidase activity of isolated mitochondria of unfertilized and fertilized eggs of Paracentrotus lividus has been studied. It has been found that whereas in the mitochondria of unfertilized eggs saturation is reached at a cytochrome c concentration of 3.28 × 10−5 M, in those of fertilized eggs this occurs at a concentration of 5.74 × 10−5 M. It is shown that upon fertilization an increase of about 30 per cent of the activity of cytochrome oxidase takes place and no further changes appear to occur until blastula stage.

Empagliflozin Induces White Adipocyte Browning and Modulates Mitochondrial Dynamics in KK Cg-Ay/J Mice and Mouse Adipocytes

2021

Background: White adipose tissue (WAT) browning is a promising target for obesity prevention and treatment. Empagliflozin has emerged as an agent with weight-loss potential in clinical and in vivo studies, but the mechanisms underlying its effect are not fully understood. Here, we investigated whether empagliflozin could induce WAT browning and mitochondrial alterations in KK Cg-Ay/J (KKAy) mice, and explored the mechanisms of its effects.Methods: Eight-week-old male KKAy mice were administered empagliflozin or saline for 8 weeks and compared with control C57BL/6J mice. Mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated in the presence or absence of empagliflozin. Mitochondrial biosynthesis, dynamics, a…

0393: Impact of miR-378* and its target desmin intermediate filament on mitochondria distribution in cardiomyocytes

2014

Background MiR-378 and miR-378* microRNAs are derived from an intron of the PGC-1β gene, a regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis. Their expression is either repressed or increased during heart failure depending on the model. Through proteomics approaches, we previously identified new targets of these miRs in H9c2 fetal cardiomyoblasts, among which lactate dehydrogenase for miR-378 and key cytoskeletal proteins for miR-378*. Aims To better assess its role in energy metabolism and differentiation; we overexpressed miR-378 and miR-378* in primary neonate rat cardiomyocytes (NRC) that are more differentiated and less proliferative than H9c2 cardiomyoblasts. Results We identified desmin as a new…