Search results for "negation"

Is displacement possible without language? Evidence from preverbal infants and chimpanzees

2013

Is displacement possible without language? This question was addressed in a recent work by Liszkowski and colleagues (Liszkowski, Schafer, Carpenter, & Tomasello, 2009). The authors carried out an experiment to demonstrate that 12-month-old prelinguistic infants can communicate about absent entities by using pointing gestures, while chimpanzees cannot. The main hypothesis of their study is that displacement does not depend on language but is, however, exclusively human and instead depends on species-specific social-cognitive human skills. Against this hypothesis, we will argue that a symbolic representation is needed to intentionally communicate absence and that this symbolic representa…

Avicenna on Negative Judgement

2016

Avicenna’s logical theory of negative judgement can be seen as a systematic development of the insights Aristotle had laid out in the De interpretatione. However, in order to grasp the full extent of his theory one must extend the examination from the logical works to the metaphysical and psychological bases of negative judgement. Avicenna himself often refrains from the explicit treatment of the connections between logic and metaphysics or psychology, or treats them in a rather oblique fashion. Time and again he is satisfied with noting that this or that question is not proper for a logician and should be dealt with in metaphysics or psychology—without bothering to refer his reader to the …

Generalized Logical Operations among Conditional Events

2018

We generalize, by a progressive procedure, the notions of conjunction and disjunction of two conditional events to the case of n conditional events. In our coherence-based approach, conjunctions and disjunctions are suitable conditional random quantities. We define the notion of negation, by verifying De Morgan’s Laws. We also show that conjunction and disjunction satisfy the associative and commutative properties, and a monotonicity property. Then, we give some results on coherence of prevision assessments for some families of compounded conditionals; in particular we examine the Frechet-Hoeffding bounds. Moreover, we study the reverse probabilistic inference from the conjunction $\mathcal…

Awareness and partitional information structures

1994

This is the first of two papers where we present a formal model of unawareness. We contrast unawareness with certainty and uncertainty. A subject is certain of something when he knows that thing; he is uncertain when he does not know it, but he knows he does not: he is consciously uncertain. On the other hand, he is unaware of something when he does not know it, and he does not know he does not know, and so on ad infinitum: he does not perceive, does not have in mind, the object of knowledge. The opposite of unawareness is awareness, which includes certainty and uncertainty. This paper has three main purposes. First, we formalize the concept of awareness, and introduce a symmetry axiom whic…

Interpreting Connexive Principles in Coherence-Based Probability Logic

2021

We present probabilistic approaches to check the validity of selected connexive principles within the setting of coherence. Connexive logics emerged from the intuition that conditionals of the form If \(\mathord {\thicksim }A\), then A, should not hold, since the conditional’s antecedent \(\mathord {\thicksim }A\) contradicts its consequent A. Our approach covers this intuition by observing that for an event A the only coherent probability assessment on the conditional event \(A|\bar{A}\) is \(p(A|\bar{A})=0\). Moreover, connexive logics aim to capture the intuition that conditionals should express some “connection” between the antecedent and the consequent or, in terms of inferences, valid…

“El Todo Poderoso nos ayude, para llegar a lo que deseamos”: homosexuality and Catholicism in Franco’s Spain (1954–1970)

2021

This article traces the constant struggle for control over representation between gay people and Francoist state agents. Gay narrations of self did not always involve a negation of Catholic dogma, ...

The Psychic Life and Creativity of the Forms of Life. Some Remarks on Wittgenstein’s Philosophy of Psychology

2015

Wittgenstein’s later philosophy addresses the subject of connection between the psychic life of the individual and social context, represented by language games which are played within a form of life. Sensations and passions are part of the psychic life of the individual; far from being hidden psychological objects of a private Cartesian, they are inseparable from their social redefinition. In fact, they become visible in the context of the game. Wittgenstein argues that there is a transformation of subjective psychic life by learning language games. The psychic life of the individual is then re-organized by learning a socially defined, characteristic behaviour pattern. However, the learnin…

Logical Operations among Conditional Events: theoretical aspects and applications

2019

We generalize the notions of conjunction and disjunction of two conditional events to the case of $n$ conditional events. These notions are defined, in the setting of coherence, by means of suitable conditional random quantities with values in the interval $[0,1]$. We also define the notion of negation, by verifying De Morgan's Laws. Then, we give some results on coherence of prevision assessments for some families of compounded conditionals and we show that some well known properties which are satisfied by conjunctions and disjunctions of unconditional events are also satisfied by conjunctions and disjunction of conditional events. We also examine in detail the coherence of the prevision a…

Inlärning och behärskning av svenskans verb- och adjektivböjning samt negationens placering hos finska grundskoleelever

2015

Conjunction and Disjunction Among Conditional Events

2017

We generalize, in the setting of coherence, the notions of conjunction and disjunction of two conditional events to the case of n conditional events. Given a prevision assessment on the conjunction of two conditional events, we study the set of coherent extensions for the probabilities of the two conditional events. Then, we introduce by a progressive procedure the notions of conjunction and disjunction for n conditional events. Moreover, by defining the negation of conjunction and of disjunction, we show that De Morgan’s Laws still hold. We also show that the associative and commutative properties are satisfied. Finally, we examine in detail the conjunction for a family \(\mathcal F\) of t…