Search results for "pricing"
showing 10 items of 167 documents
Learning and the Price Dynamics of a Double-Auction Financial Market with Portfolio Traders
2006
In this paper we study the dynamics of price adjustments in an artificial market where portfolio traders with bounded rationality and limited resources interact through a continuous, electronic open book. The present work extends the model developed in [? ] introducing endogenous target individual portfolio holdings. We model the agents’ order-flow investment decision as an optimal choice given individual characteristics and the available information. We depart from the standard asset pricing framework in two ways. First, we assume that investors have imperfect information about the returns distribution. In particular, we assume that agents hold arbitrary priors about securities’ returns, w…
On the evolution of monopoly pricing in Internet-assisted search markets
2014
This study examines the evolution of prices in markets with Internet price-comparison search engines. The empirical study analyzes laboratory data of prices available to informed consumers, for two industry sizes and two conditions on the sample (complete and incomplete). Distributions are typically bimodal. One of the two modes of distribution, corresponding to monopoly pricing, tends to attract such pricing strategies increasingly over time. The second one, corresponding to interior pricing, follows a decreasing trend. Monopoly pricing can serve as a means of insurance against more competitive (but riskier) behavior. In fact, experimental subjects who initially earn low profits due to int…
An empirical analysis of the determinants of price tolerance
2004
In the context of pricing strategies, the notion of price tolerance is an important construct for academic researchers and marketing managers. In this article, a conceptual model of factors influencing the level of price tolerance is proposed and empirically tested with the use of data collected from airline passengers. The results support most propositions of the conceptual model and offer several insights for managerial action and further academic research.
Latvian pharmaceutical market: a review of marketing components and development trends
2021
In-depth market assessment is crucial prior making investments into product development and decisions on marketing strategy, especially in markets with small volume and low value like Latvian pharmaceutical market. Transparent market data and constant market reviews are expected to retain already existing pharmaceutical suppliers and attract new ones; although annual reports of general market figures are available publicly, reviews of pharmaceutical market marketing figures and activities are not being published. By assessing and studying Latvian pharmaceutical market and its marketing components the possible risks and development trends can be outlined and further addressed by pharmaceutic…
Toward an understanding of price wars: Their nature and how they erupt
2001
Abstract This paper aims to improve our understanding of the unique phenomenon of market competition, called price wars, as little is known about their nature and how they erupt. More precisely, we offer selected illustrations of the reality of price wars, identify key attributes of price wars, propose a definition of price wars, and offer a conceptual framework in which early warning signals (EWSs) of price wars are distilled and linked to the likelihood and the intensity of such wars. Also, initial empirical findings on some of the effects of price wars are offered, showing that price wars inflict substantial damage on the companies involved. Implications for researchers entail that numer…
Examen des mécanismes d'influence des attributs de recherche
2017
Cette notice présente une synthèse des travaux de recherche menés par Yohan Bernard entre 2001 et 2016 autour des effets sur le comportement des consommateurs des attributs de recherche mis en avant par les producteurs et / ou les distributeurs. En particulier, trois attributs ont fait l’objet d’investigations avancées : le prix, les caractéristiques environnementales des produits et leur pays d’origine. Le document développe une analyse des processus de perception des attributs par le consommateur (chapitre 2). Les représentations mentales qui en découlent sont employées, avec d’autres éléments, pour fonder des intentions comportementales (chapitre 3). Les conditions dans lesquelles les at…
Portfolios with fuzzy returns: Selection strategies based on semi-infinite programming
2008
AbstractThis paper provides new models for portfolio selection in which the returns on securities are considered fuzzy numbers rather than random variables. The investor's problem is to find the portfolio that minimizes the risk of achieving a return that is not less than the return of a riskless asset. The corresponding optimal portfolio is derived using semi-infinite programming in a soft framework. The return on each asset and their membership functions are described using historical data. The investment risk is approximated by mean intervals which evaluate the downside risk for a given fuzzy portfolio. This approach is illustrated with a numerical example.
An Iterative Method for Pricing American Options Under Jump-Diffusion Models
2011
We propose an iterative method for pricing American options under jump-diffusion models. A finite difference discretization is performed on the partial integro-differential equation, and the American option pricing problem is formulated as a linear complementarity problem (LCP). Jump-diffusion models include an integral term, which causes the resulting system to be dense. We propose an iteration to solve the LCPs efficiently and prove its convergence. Numerical examples with Kou's and Merton's jump-diffusion models show that the resulting iteration converges rapidly.
A parsimonious model for generating arbitrage-free scenario trees
2016
Simulation models of economic, financial and business risk factors are widely used to assess risks and support decision-making. Extensive literature on scenario generation methods aims at describing some underlying stochastic processes with the least number of scenarios to overcome the ‘curse of dimensionality’. There is, however, an important requirement that is usually overlooked when one departs from the application domain of security pricing: the no-arbitrage condition. We formulate a moment matching model to generate multi-factor scenario trees for stochastic optimization satisfying no-arbitrage restrictions with a minimal number of scenarios and without any distributional assumptions.…
A Conditional Value–at–Risk Model for Insurance Products with Guarantee
2009
We propose a model to select the optimal portfolio which underlies insurance policies with a guarantee. The objective function is defined in order to minimise the conditional value at-risk (CVaR) of the distribution of the losses with respect to a target return. We add operational and regulatory constraints to make the model as flexible as possible when used for real applications. We show that the integration of the asset and liability side yields superior performances with respect to naive fixed-mix portfolios and asset based strategies. We validate the model on out-of-sample scenarios and provide insights on policy design.