Search results for "regulation"
showing 10 items of 4463 documents
Information transfer and information modification to identify the structure of cardiovascular and cardiorespiratory networks
2017
To fully elucidate the complex physiological mechanisms underlying the short-term autonomic regulation of heart period (H), systolic and diastolic arterial pressure (S, D) and respiratory (R) variability, the joint dynamics of these variables need to be explored using multivariate time series analysis. This study proposes the utilization of information-theoretic measures to measure causal interactions between nodes of the cardiovascular/cardiorespiratory network and to assess the nature (synergistic or redundant) of these directed interactions. Indexes of information transfer and information modification are extracted from the H, S, D and R series measured from healthy subjects in a resting…
Estrogenic Modulation of Longevity by Induction of Antioxidant Enzymes
2010
In many species including humans, females live longer than males. We and others have observed that mitochondria from females of Wistar rats and of OF1 mice produce half the amount of peroxide produced by males. We attributed this to a change in the expression of antioxidant, longevity-related genes. We have found that in those species in which females live longer than males, estrogens activate longevity-related genes, particularly antioxidant ones. It should be emphasized that estrogens do not act as antioxidants because of their phenolic ring but rather they act indirectly; that is, they behave as hormones and bind to estrogen receptors, which eventually leads to the upregulation of the ex…
Cigarette smoke extract activates human bronchial epithelial cells affecting non-neuronal cholinergic system signalling in vitro.
2010
Abstract Aims Acetylcholine (ACh) is synthesized by Choline Acetyl-Transferase (ChAT) that exerts its physiological effects in airway epithelial cells via muscarinic receptor (MR) activation. We evaluate the effect of ACh stimulation on human bronchial epithelial cells (16-HBE) and test whether cigarette smoke extract (CSE) can modify the basal cellular response to ACh affecting the non-neuronal cholinergic system signalling. Main methods ACh stimulated 16-HBE were tested for ACh-binding, Leukotriene B 4 (LTB 4 ) release and ERK1/2 and NFkB pathway activation. Additionally, we investigated all the aforementioned parameters as well as ChAT and MR proteins and mRNA expression and endogenous A…
Sequential release of TNFα and phospholipase A2 in a rat model of LPS-induced pleurisy
1997
The levels of extracellular phospholipase A2(sPLA2) and TNFα, and cell accumulation were measured in the pleural washings obtained at different times following the induction ofEscherichia colilipopolysaccharide (LPS, 100 μg/cavity) pleurisy in rats. TNFα peaked at 2 hours (3036 ± 160.3 units/ml) and decreased thereafter. Conversely, levels of sPLA2peaked at 48 hours (1.97 ± 0.64 ng/ml) and were increased further (14.02 ± 4.16 ng/ml) by pretreatment with anti-TNFα antibody. Cell accumulation was not affected by antibody pretreatment. These data indicate that the sPLA2enzyme is involved in LPS-induced pleurisy. The enzyme seems not to be stimulated by TNFα which may be involved in the downreg…
Intraperitoneal injection of tetracyclines protects mice from lethal endotoxemia downregulating inducible nitric oxide synthase in various organs and…
1997
We have tested whether tetracyclines (TETs) are able to protect mice from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced shock, a cytokine-mediated inflammatory reaction. Mice, injected with a single dose of tetracycline base (TETb; 1.5, 10 and 20 mg/kg of body weight) or doxycycline (DOXY; 1.5 mg/kg), were significantly protected from a lethal intraperitoneal injection of LPS (500 micrograms per mouse). TETs acted in early events triggered in response to LSP; in fact, they were no longer significantly protective if injected more than 1 h after the injection of endotoxin. LPS-treated mice protected by TETs showed a significant inhibition of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1 alpha (IL…
Conceptual changes in lease accounting: Regulatory and academic challenges
2019
El objetivo principal de este trabajo es demostrar que el posicionamiento de los emisores de normas contables y el de los grupos de presión es coherente con la Teoría de la Ideología de la regulación y la Teoría Positiva de la Contabilidad de los efectos económicos, respectivamente. Sin embargo, contrariamente a la literatura previa de lobbying, argumentamos que en un contexto internacional y tras a˜nos de experiencia con las Normas Internacionales de Información Financiera (NIIF), todos los agentes, y no solo los emisores de las normas, utilizan aspectos conceptuales y técnicos, ya que los grupos de interés, fundamentalmente los preparadores, prevén hacer más efectiva su actividad de lobby…
Weaning induces NOS-2 expression through NF-κB modulation in the lactating mammary gland: importance of GSH
2005
Zaragozá, R; Miralles, VJ; Rus, AD; García, C; Carmena, R; García-Trevijano, ER; Barber, T; Pallardó, FV; Torres, L; Viña, JR. At the end of lactation the mammary gland undergoes involution, a process characterized by apoptosis of secretory cells and tissue remodelling. To gain insight into this process, we analysed the gene expression profile by oligonucleotide microarrays during lactation and after forced weaning. Up-regulation of inflammatory mediators and acute-phase response genes during weaning was found. Expression of IκBα (inhibitory κBα), a protein known to modulate NF-κB (nuclear factor-κB) nuclear translocation, was significantly up-regulated. On the other hand, there was a time-…
Running thermoregulation effects using bioceramics versus polyester fibres socks
2020
The feet, covered by socks and shoes during running, undergo an increase of temperature. The aim of this study was to reduce heat generation in the feet of athletes during running by wearing novel thermoregulatory socks impregnated with bioceramic materials. Thirty male athletes ran a half-marathon (21.0975 km) wearing polyester based with bioceramic fibres (zirconium silicate and titanium oxide) and control socks (polyester). The average temperatures were measured with a thermographic camera (FLIR e60bx) before and after the run. Nine regions of interests were evaluated in the plantar surface and eight in the dorsum. Before running, the plantar region with the highest temperature was the …
Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and Ectodomain Shedding of the Amyloid Precursor Protein
2008
<i>Background:</i> Epidemiological studies have suggested that long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is associated with a reduced incidence of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain these findings including increased shedding of the soluble ectodomain of the amyloid precursor protein (sAPP), which functions as a neurotrophic and neuroprotective factor in vitroand in vivo. <i>Objective:</i> To clarify whether NSAIDs consistently stimulate sAPP secretion. <i>Methods:</i> 293-EBNA cells with stable overexpression of an APP-alkaline phosphatase fusion protein (APP-AP), SH-SY5Y and PC12 cells or prim…
M-cadherin and its sisters in development of striated muscle
1999
Cadherins are calcium-dependent, transmembrane intercellular adhesion proteins with morphoregulatory functions in the development and maintenance of tissues. In the development of striated muscle, the expression and function of mainly M-, N-, and R-cadherin has been studied so far. While these three cadherins are expressed in skeletal muscle cells, of these only N-cadherin is expressed in cardiac muscle. In this review, M-, N-, and R-cadherin are discussed as important players in the terminal differentiation and possibly also in the commitment of skeletal muscle cells. Furthermore, reports are described which evaluate the essential role of N-cadherin in the formation of heart tissue.