Search results for "sanit"
showing 10 items of 944 documents
Greenhouse gases from wastewater treatment — A review of modelling tools
2016
Nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide and methane are greenhouse gases (GHG) emitted from wastewater treatment that contribute to its carbon footprint. As a result of the increasing awareness of GHG emissions from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), new modelling, design, and operational tools have been developed to address and reduce GHG emissions at the plant-wide scale and beyond. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art and the recently developed tools used to understand and manage GHG emissions from WWTPs, and discusses open problems and research gaps. The literature review reveals that knowledge on the processes related to N2O formation, especially due to autotrophic biomass, is still incompl…
Greenhouse gases from wastewater treatment plant: towards a new protocol for field measurements
2015
Greenhouse gases (GHGs) emission from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) represents an increasing interest in the water industry at the present moment. The biological processes needed for treating wastewater have been found responsible for the unintentional generation of GHGs, such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O). The quality and quantity of a GHG emitted from a WWTP can significantly vary with the wastewater treated, the process configuration, and the strategies employed in process control. In the recent past, efforts for monitoring and accounting for GHGs emissions from WWTPs have considerably increased, and classifications of emission type were proposed t…
Decoupling of HRM as health sector regulation
2022
This systematic review of the academic literature since early 1990s on the application of some HRM practices in health care sheds light on the persistence decoupling between institutional norms and standards related to human resource management (HRM) procedures and the actual practices in organizations. Contrary to the affirmation of NIT, translation processes do not put an end to decoupling. The isomorphisms identified by the neo institutionalists relate to leadership decisions, not practices. The application of HRM practice bundles is opposed by health care professionals. This analysis of the «critical» approach is apparently contradicted by that which we describe as «optimistic» because …
The role of freshwater copepods in the environmental risk assessment of caffeine and propranolol mixtures in the surface water bodies of Spain
2019
In this study we aimed at assessing: (i) the environmental risk posed by mixtures of caffeine and propranolol to the freshwater ecosystems of Spain; (ii) the sensitivity of freshwater copepod species to the two compounds; (iii) if the toxicity of caffeine and propranolol to freshwater copepods contributes to the environmental risk posed by the two compounds in the freshwater bodies of Spain. The environmental risk was computed as the ratio of MECs (i.e. the measured environmental concentrations) to PNECs (i.e. the respective predicted no-effect concentrations). The effects of caffeine and propranolol on the freshwater cyclopoid Diacyclops crassicaudis crassicaudis were tested both individua…
Wide-scope screening of pharmaceuticals, illicit drugs and their metabolites in the Amazon River.
2021
Only a limited number of households in the Amazon are served by sewage collection or treatment facili- ties, suggesting that there might be a significant emission of pharmaceuticals and other wastewater contaminants into freshwater ecosystems. In this work, we performed a wide-scope screening to assess the occurrence of pharmaceuticals, illicit drugs and their metabolites in freshwater ecosystems of the Brazilian Amazon. Our study included 40 samples taken along the Amazon River, in three of its major tributaries, and in small tributaries crossing four important urban areas (Manaus, Santarém, Macapá, Belém). More than 900 compounds were investigated making use of target and suspect screenin…
Effect of organic loading rate on the production of Polyhydroxyalkanoates from sewage sludge
2023
The aim of this work was to study the effect of organic loading rate on the production of Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) from sewage sludge. Synthesis of PHA using sewage sludge as platform was achieved in this work. Three pilot-scale selection-sequencing batch reactors (S-SBR) were used for obtaining a culture able to accumulate PHA following a strategy of aerobic dynamic feeding (ADF) at different volumetric organic-loading-rate (vOLR): 1.3, 1.8 and 0.8 g COD L-1 d-1 for S-SBR 1, S-SBR 2 and S-SBR 3, respectively. Decreasing the vOLR enhanced the general performance of the process as for organic matter removal (from 99.2% ± 0.3% in S-SBR-3 to 92 ± 2 in S-SBR-2) while the opposite trend was r…
Katherine Watson, Poisoned lives: English poisoners and their victims, London and New York, Hambledon and London, 2004, pp. xiv, 268, illus., £19.99 …
2005
This book provides a fresh look at the social history of poisons and poisoners based on around 500 cases of criminal poisoning that occurred in England between 1750 and 1914. Watson analyses not only published sources but also the rich documents stored at the National Archives at Kew. As a consequence, the study offers reliable statistical data about poisoning and includes a broad range of cases, not only the most famous and popular poisoning trials. First of all, Watson describes the main poisons employed in the nineteenth century, their effects on human bodies and the three ways of detecting them: clinical symptoms, post-mortem autopsies and chemical tests. The different value of these si…
A Contribution to the analysis of the first Spanish public-private partnership in primary and specialized maternity care: a social network analysis a…
2021
The La Ribera University Hospital (Alzira, Valencia) was the first experience of public-private partnership in the Spanish National Health System. In addition to the need to coordinate two levels of health care (primary/specialised), two models of human resource management (public/private) had to be coordinated. To illustrate this complexity, the group of midwives in the health area has been taken, analysing their relational patterns through the methodological approach of Social Network Analysis. In terms of results, out of a population of 31 midwives, those of the public model occupy peripheral positions and cooperate poorly, both internally and externally. However, those of the private mo…
Interpreting and modelling field data for wastewater dispersion into sea trough dimensional analysis
2008
This paper deals with the mathematical and experimental characterization of a coastal urban wastewater discharge in the South Tyrrhenian Sea, namely the Golfo di Palermo, western Sicily (Italy). The stretch of water lying before the central part of the capital town receives the wastewater originating from about 200 000 inhabitants. The sewage is currently still discharged on-shore without any prior treatment by a free-surface outfall called “Porta Felice”. The Municipality is currently implementing a plan to connect the sewerage system of these areas to the main wastewater treatment plant; at the moment, however, no mitigation measure has been applied yet and the quality of the Gulf is stil…
Dual Multilevel Urban Drainage Model
2005
In urban areas, when heavy rains occur, the discharge capacity of sewers is usually unable to transport the effective rainfall reaching the streets. When the runoff flow rate exceeds the capacity of the storm sewer system, the excess flow is conveyed through the street network as overland flow. A dual model is proposed for modeling the system as a double network, formed by an upper network of open channels (street gutters) and a lower network of closed conduits (sewer pipes). What is new in this model is its capacity to take into account the hydrodynamic relationship between the flows in the upper and lower networks. The model is applied to computing the response of a real monitored basin; …