Search results for "script"
showing 10 items of 5143 documents
Tissue bioaccumulation patterns, xenobiotic biotransformation and steroid hormone levels in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed a diet containing perfl…
2011
In the present study, groups of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were fed gelatine capsules containing fish-food spiked with PFOA or PFOS (0.2 mg kg(-1) fish) and solvent (methanol). The capsules were given at days 0, 3 and 6. Blood, liver and whole kidney samples were collected prior to exposure (no solvent control), and at days 2, 5, 8 and 14 after exposure (Note: that day 14 after exposure is equal to 7d recovery period). We report on the differences in the tissue bioaccumulation patterns of PFOS and PFOA, in addition to tissue and compound differences in modulation pattern of biotransformation enzyme genes. We observed that the level of PFOS and PFOA increased in the blood, liver …
Repression of Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate Upregulation Disarms and Expands Human Regulatory T Cells
2011
Abstract The main molecular mechanism of human regulatory T cell (Treg)-mediated suppression has not been elucidated. We show in this study that cAMP represents a key regulator of human Treg function. Repression of cAMP production by inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity or augmentation of cAMP degradation through ectopic expression of a cAMP-degrading phosphodiesterase greatly reduces the suppressive activity of human Treg in vitro and in a humanized mouse model in vivo. Notably, cAMP repression additionally abrogates the anergic state of human Treg, accompanied by nuclear translocation of NFATc1 and induction of its short isoform NFATc1/αA. Treg expanded under cAMP repression, however,…
Exercise and ankle sprain injuries: a comprehensive review.
2014
Ankle sprains are common in team sports and sports played on courts, and often result in structural and functional alterations that lead to a greater reinjury risk. Specific exercises are often used to promote neuromuscular improvements in the prevention and rehabilitation of ankle injuries. This literature review summarizes the neuromuscular characteristics of common ankle sprains and the effectiveness of exercise as an intervention for improving neuromuscular function and preventing reinjury. Our review found that appropriate exercise prescription can increase static and dynamic balance and decrease injury recurrence. In particular, the addition of dynamic activities in the exercise progr…
Is Structured Exercise Performed with Supplemental Oxygen a Promising Method of Personalized Medicine in the Therapy of Chronic Diseases?
2020
Aim: This systematic review aimed to explore the literature to identify in which types of chronic diseases exercise with supplemental oxygen has previously been utilized and whether this type of personalized therapy leads to superior effects in physical fitness and well-being. Methods: Databases (PubMed/MEDLINE, CINHAL, EMBASE, Web of knowledge and Cochrane Library) were searched in accordance with PRISMA. Eligibility criteria included adult patients diagnosed with any type of chronic diseases engaging in supervised exercise training with supplemental oxygen compared to normoxia. A random-effects model was used to pool effect sizes by standardized mean differences (SMD). Results: Out of the…
Metabolic adaptation and neuroprotection differ in the retina and choroid in a piglet model of acute postnatal hypoxia.
2013
Hypoxic-ischemic insults to the neonatal brain may cause neurodevelopmental disorders. Vulnerability of different areas of the neural tissue to hypoxic-ischemic stress might be explained by either heterogeneous sensitivity to oxygen or neuroprotective capability. Our understanding of regional heterogeneity is still incomplete in terms of metabolic reconfiguration and/or activation of neuroprotective mechanisms.We studied, by western blotting, reverse-transcriptase PCR, and tandem mass spectrometry, the response of retina and choroid at protein, gene, and metabolic levels during hypoxia in a piglet model of acute postnatal hypoxia.We evidenced a metabolic shift towards glycolysis in choroid …
Retarded thymic involution and massive germinal center formation in NF-ATp-deficient mice.
1998
NF-ATp and NF-ATc are the most prominent nuclear NF-AT transcription factors in peripheral T lymphocytes. After T cell activation both factors bind to and control the promoters and enhancers of numerous lymphokine and receptor ligand genes. In order to define a specific role for NF-ATp in vivo we have inactivated the NF-ATp gene by gene targeting in mice. We show that NF-ATp deficiency leads to the accumulation of peripheral T cells with a “preactivated” phenotype, enhanced immune responses of T cells after secondary stimulation in vitro and severe defects in the proper termination of antigen responses, as shown by a reduced deletion of superantigen-reactive CD4+ T cells. These alterations …
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor-dependent cell cycle arrest in isolated mouse oval cells
2013
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor, which mediates toxic responses to environmental pollutants, such as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and related compounds. Besides its well known role in induction of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes, for instance CYP1A1, the AhR is also involved in tumor promotion in rodents although the underlying mechanisms are still poorly understood. Additionally, the AhR is known to regulate cellular proliferation, which might result in either inhibition or stimulation of proliferation depending on the cell-type studied. Potential targets in hepatocarcinogenesis are liver oval (stem/progenitor) cells. In the pres…
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone-Mediated Induction of Intracellular Signaling Pathways and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Expression Is Inhibited …
2005
CRH receptor (CRHR) 1 and the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) are both G protein-coupled receptors. Activation of CRHR1 leadstoincreasesincAMPproductionandphosphorylationof the transcription factor cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB). In contrast, CB1 is negatively coupled to the cAMP signaling cascade. In this study, we analyzed a putative interaction between these two systems focusing on the regulation of the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a CREB-regulated gene. In situ hybridization revealed coexpression of CRHR1 and CB1 receptors in the granular layer of the cerebellum. Therefore, we analyzed the effects of CRH and the CB1 agonist WIN-55,212-2 on BDNF expr…
US Food and Drug Administration's Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy for Extended-Release and Long-Acting Opioids Pros and Cons, and a European …
2012
Prescriptions for opioid analgesics to manage moderate-to-severe chronic non-cancer pain have increased markedly over the last decade. An unintentional consequence of greater prescription opioid utilization has been the parallel increase in misuse, abuse and overdose, which are serious risks associated with all opioid analgesics. In response to disturbing rises in prescription opioid abuse, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has proposed the implementation of aggressive Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies (REMS). While REMS could dramatically change the development, release, marketing and prescription of extended-release opioids, questions remain on how these programmes may inf…
Acute exercise induced changes in rat skeletal muscle mRNAs and proteins regulating type IV collagen content
2001
This experiment tested the hypothesis that running-induced damage to rat skeletal muscle causes changes in synthesis and degradation of basement membrane type IV collagen and to proteins regulating its degradation. Samples from soleus muscle and red and white parts of quadriceps femoris muscle (MQF) were collected 6 h or 1, 2, 4, or 7 days after downhill running. Increased muscle β-glucuronidase activity indicated greater muscle damage in the red part of MQF than in the white part of MQF or soleus. In the red part of MQF, type IV collagen expression was upregulated at the pretranslational level and the protein concentration decreased, whereas matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), a protein th…